Does CSR Help or Hinder a Company’s Performance?

Task 4: (582 words) Write a literature review for â€Å"Does CSR (corporate social responsibility) help or hinder a company’s performance? † This literature review explores the state of the art in corporate social innovation research. It briefly outlines the main themes in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) debate organizational legitimacy, moral choices, stakeholder interaction, sustainable development radical and user driven innovation. The paper then reviews the major objects of corporate social innovation singling out and eco innovations as key themes.It closes by analyzing how social innovation is enacted at each of the four levels discussed in the first part. The debate about CSR has been said to have begun in the early 20th century, amid growing concerns about large corporations and their power. The ideas of charity and stewardship helped to shape the early thinking about CSR in the US (Saurabh Gaur, 2011) . Our work would like to verify, after a review of literature, by using panel data, if some performance indicators can be affected by the firms’ social responsible behavior and their certifications.The novelty of our analysis comes from its dynamic aspect and from the buildin g of a CSR index that intersects two of the three main international indices (Dow Jones Sustainability World Index, FTSE4Good Index,2011), in order to be objective and to have a representative sample. The main results seem to support the idea that the CSR firms are the more virtuous, having better performances in the long run. in reporting is clearly crucial whereby being transparent does not necessarily mean revealing everything as this can be counterproductive to the communication of the key message (Bebbington et al. 1999). Consequently, companies must decide how much information to disclose. Based on different stakeholders to needs whereby it is sometimes necessary to disclose information that puts the company in a bad light. The ample room for mano euvre in identifying significant impacts and prioritising them has been partly blamed for the little significance behind achieving formal public endorsement for CSR disclosure (Boiral, 20 09).This is where the concept of Corporate So cial Responsibility, (CSR) has developed and is beginning to enter into common lexical knowledge and is increasingly being used by academics and economists for the sustainability of economic development. As often happens when new terms are coined, they tend to lose their conceptual precision, leaving their evocative value which is however watered down by the multitude of different meanings and contexts in which it is used .However, if we are to say that CSR is necessary for corporate strategy, given the recent ness of the phenomena and absence of a well-defined and universally accepted certification method, at present CSR has certain major limitations which we would like to rectify, that is an objective benchmark rather than a mere marketing tool for th e public, the principal motivation and elements that push firms into ethical behavior and suitable certification.It is actually this second point that has given rise to a proliferation of articles concerning social certification (Ullman, 1985) that have still not shed light on the mot ivation that entices firms to bear the cost of certification or looked at the experimental performance of CSR firms. As a result, various performance measures have been adopted both on the market and in accountability that all give rather discordant result s. Corporate social responsibility is the commitment of businesses to contribute to sustainable economic development by working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve their lives in ways that are good for business and for development† (Cavett-Goodwin, 2007). Therefore, our paper tries to give an answer to the questions explained above. References: — Global reporting initiative, Sustainability Reporting Initiatives [online] Available from :< http://www. globalreporting. org/ReportingFramework/G3Guidelines> [Accessed 15 July, 2010]. Tsoutsoura M. , 2004, â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility and financial Perfor mance†, Center for Responsible Business, Working Paper Series, N. 7, University of Califor nia, Berkeley. – Academy of Management Review, Institute of Social and Ethical Accountability [online] Available from :< http://www. accountability. org/about-us/news/accountability-1/pharma-s-3imandate. html> [Accessed 11 may, 2010]. – Roberts C. , 1992, â€Å"Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: An Application of Stakeholder Theory†, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 17, 6, 595 – 612. World Business Council for Sustainable Development [online] Available from : [Accessed 15 October,2012]. – Donaldson T. , (1989), The Ethics of International Business, The Ruffin Ser ies in Business Ethics, Oxford University Press. – Sustainable investment , Ethical Investment Research and Information Service [online] Available from < http://www. eiris. org/managers/sustainable_investment. html> [Accessed 24 Jun, 2007]. – Cooperative Bank, Ethical Purchasing Index [online] Available from :[ Accessed 23 april,2005] TASK 6: (1073 words)The synthesized essay on: â€Å"Does CSR (corporate social responsibility) help or hinder a company’s performance? † Abstract The corporate social responsibility (CSR) is getting an increasingly important issue for economic agents all over the world. The development sustainable businesses need to implement their social responsibility. Though there is no detailed measurement available on the impact of these practices on business performance, CSR is believed to have a positive relationship with a company’s goodwill and also be a mean to a more profitable operation.The view that SCG should further integrate CSR programs into its business str ategies, broaden its CSR network to its various stakeholders, put more emphasis on environmental issues, and employ an efficient measurement mechanism for evaluating the impacts and benefits of its CSR programs . Introduction Reality shows that firms have recently been able to adapt to a changing world not only by developing economically but also socially and ethically. A firm’s aim remains based on a development strategy that not only favors’ its hareholders but also responds to all stakeholders involved either directly or indirectly in the production process. The social impact of big and small corporations is becoming a very important issue in business administration. A bad social impact, in fact, could increase the firm’s risk, could lead to wrong relationships with many stakeholders and could affect corporate reputation. This article presents some empirical evidence that aims to answer the following question: does CSR practice influence a company’s im age and reputation? Main body:Total Review of Related, Performance Measures and Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is getting an increasingly important issue for economic agents due to a new attention to all the aspects of firms activit ies and their relationship with stakeholders. In fact, firms with the attitude toward disclosure related to social responsibility activities appear to be able to develop and maintain better relationship with s takeholders in general Corporate Social Responsibility is a concept wit h a growing currency around the globe.It frequently overlaps with similar approaches such as cor porate sustainability, corporate sustainable development and corporate responsibility. Moreover, CSR has a wide range of potential meaning: it can be considered as the private sector’s way of integrating the economic, social, and environmental imperatives of its activities. We focus on two main characteristics of CSR: social welfare orientatio n and stakeholders’ relationship orientation.AS businesses have increased their adoption of corporate social responsibility practices, managers face growing pressure to justify the allocation of scarce firms resources and accurate measures of corporate social responsibility results are required. Because the corporate image and reputation have been considered as intangible assets and valuable resources a firm can use in order to differentiate itself from its competitors. The reputation is built over time as the result of complex interrelationships and exchanges between a company and its stakeholders.This complexity of interrelationships makes imitation difficult for competitors in the short term. The grand aggregation approach to corporate reputation loses substantial informational content unless multiple lists of stakeholders can be surveyed; this research will be conducted taking into account the perspectives of only two stakeholders. The rule contact by companies integrates social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.When you review each of these, they broadly agree that the definition now focuses on the impact of how you manage your core business. The increasing attention to CSR is firstly based on its capability to influence firm’s performance. The researches in this field examine how CSR can provide firms with an incremental gain. For example, researchers have considered purchase intentions, increased sales, enhanced image, and improved employees morale as benefits of CSR.In particular, regarding to this aspect, the literature consists of three principal strands: the existence of a positive correlation between CSR and financial results, the lack of correlation between CSR and Many studies about the relationship between CSR and performance have focused their attention over a variety of other important characteristics that can be possible causes of firmsâ €™ performance. Some researchers have studied the effect of firm’s dimension, industrial sector, age, leverage level and intangible expenditures. t is possible to assume that the biggest firms are able to have a behavior more responsible than the smallest ones. The biggest ones probably pay more attent ion to the relationship with external stakeholders. Moreover, the firm’s dimension affects the link between certification and performance: at the beginning firm’s strategies are focused on the basic survival and just when firm is increasing its dimension because it has crossed the trigger point of survival, it can begin to take care of ethical and philanthropic responsibilities.In the meantime firm’s dimension can be linked with financial performance through economies of scale . The financial result and the existence of a negative correlation between CSR and financial results. The commitment by business to behave ethically and to contribute to economic development while improving the qualit y of the life of the workforce and the families as well as the local community and society at large The CSR is a commitment to improving the well-being of a community through discretionary business practice and contribution of corporate resources. Ethical CSR is morally mandatory and goes beyond ulfilling a firm’s economic and legal obligations, to its ethical responsibilities to avoid harm or social injuries, even if the business might not appear to benefit from this. It may be to SCG advantage to let its CSR stakeholders take a greater role in developing and implementing its strategic CSR programs SCG may further benefit from establishing broader CSR networks with its employees, customers, business partners and with non-profit organizations. Conclusion The above results give first empirical evidence that in Italy firms stock prices are not affected by CSR reports even if firms show a greater attention to these issues.The possible expla nations of these results could be the following: CSR is a relatively new issue in Italy, and most investors have a low degree of perception of the matter; The quality of disclosure for CSR is not easily measurable; there is a lack of general accepted principles and most firms use CSR disclosure as an additional instrument of advertising, avoiding to give relevant information . Most investors are short-term oriented while CSR’s impact is mostly in the medium-long term. At the moment, the small number of firms in the sample is due to few CSR reports available.But, thanks to a greater attention to CSR issues, the sample could be enlarged soon. These aspects could be the main direction of further implementations of our work. References – KAPLAN, R and NORTON, Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System [online] Available from: < http://www. balancedscorecard. org> [Accessed 12 July, 2011). – Carroll A. B. , 1991, â€Å"Corporate Social Performance Measurement: A Commentary on Methods for Evaluating an Elusive Construct†, p. 385-401 in J. E. Post (ed. ), Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, vol. 12, Greenwich, CT: JAI. – Donaldson T. (1989), the Ethics of International Business, the Ruffin Ser ies in Business Ethics, Oxford University Press. – Cooperative Bank, Ethical Purchasing Index [online] Available from :[ Accessed 23 april,2005]. – Donaldson T. , (1989), the Ethics of International Business, The Ruffin Series in Business Ethics, Oxford University Press. – Global reporting initiative, Sustainability Reporting Initiatives [online] Available from :< http://www. globalreporting. org/ReportingFramework/G3Guidelines> [Accessed 15 July, 2010] TASK 7 ( 845 words) Compare and contrast how these 2 articles discuss the financial crisis:Abstract This subject is written to the accounting on changing the wrong direction when the debate about modern auditing practices. In the context of the current financial crisis shows that, there are certain similarities between the accounting scandals and the global crisis is expected. All this directly and indirectly affect society. Beside of that, the article also pointed out in different directions to struggle to overcome. Introductions The business landscape is changing all around the world. Advances in finance and technological improvements have accelerated the rate of changes dramatically.That due to the negative impact of different accounting should push certain risks, against the backdrop of increasing economic turbulence; this paper seeks to stimulate debates a bout the quality of auditing by examining the audit reports. Different parties such as; governments, firms, especially small investors are struggling to keep up with these changes. During of that The financial crisis and shows that a large nu mber of enterprises have collapsed within a short period after receiving unqualified audit reports, so the law makers and standard setting bodie s hysterically searched the possible solutions.Some of the accounting principles are changed to having good news or optimistic idea the y are considered as revolutionary. Body paragraphs Regulators and investors have traditionally relied upon corporate financial statements to make sense of bank liabilities, risks and economic exposure, but this has been highly problematic. An early estimate suggested that despite a raft of Attention has fo cused on auditors because of the belief that a green light from an auditor means that a company’s accounting practices have passed muster.Adverse â€Å"key financial ratios† are considered to be an indicator of going concern problems. The environment in which it operates also shows that auditors received considerable income from their audit clients, which may be very significant for regional offices managing the audit. The fee dependency and related advancement o f career can create conflict of interests. A uditors may argue that the financial crisis unfolded suddenly and they were thus ill-prepared to make judgments about the likely financial distress. The issuing of audit reports is subject to organizational and regulatory politics.Auditors may be reluctant to qualify bank accounts for fear of creating panic or jeopardizing their liability position. We have reached the limits of conventional auditing technologies and ought to be considering alternative forms of accounting, disclosures and accountabilities. They are just publishing the financial analyses. This might mean; they are hiding the inputs and want the public to see only the result. the authorities do not give assurances regularly when the things go well but if there is a problem they usually ma kes public speeches to convince them.The social cost of the unfolding crisis is difficult to estimate, but vast amounts of public money are being used to prop-up distressed financial enterprises. For example, in addition to providing huge sums to stimulate banking liquidity. The UK auditing standards, closely aligned with international auditing standards, state that the â€Å"auditor’s procedures necessarily involve a consideration of the entity’s ability to continue in operational existence for the foreseeabl e future. Especially small investors are giving great importance to the financial media’s comments.Accounting is the methodology which provides measurements, statements or provisions of assurance about financial status concerning firm’s financial situations. Accounting can be described as â€Å"language of business â€Å"because accounting information provides signals to end users, especially to investors. Usually their premiums are much higher than their salaries which are generally associated with the growth of the firm. This payment system encourages or even forces them to growth. Brokers are the mediators between the buyers and the sellers.In every transaction they earn c ertain amount of commission. Even though they have certain amount of fixed income their main source of income comes from the transactions. There is an inherent conflict of interest bet ween auditor and client relations. Auditors prepare auditing reports for external users: investors, government etc. , but audit fee is paid by the client: audited company. This price would be correct and even overvalued; t here could be even further decline in the price. This station is called value trap. If the investor buys the stock, he is caught by the trap.Finally models explaining valuation of currencies such as purchasing power parity, fisher effect and international fisher effect could not be put into practice accurately because of statistical deficiencies. Conclusion The deep of financial crisis raises questions about the role and value of the independent audit. Besides that, the Markets do not seem to have been assured by unqualified audit opinions and many financial institutions either coll apsed, that had to be bailed out within a short period of receiving unqualified audit opinions.Thought out that on any independent inquiry into the role of auditing, especially at financial institutions, would help to highlight the shortcomings of the current practices. However, there are remedies for audit industry has mediated previous crises by revising auditing standards and codes of ethics and the early signs are that the same strategies will be deployed again. So on the restrictions and the consequences will be improved over time through economic struggles.

Kudler Fine Food Essay

Kudler Fine Food is the fast growing fine food specialty business that was established in 1998, and at each of their stores the company first initially selected Microsoft Access as their AIS to track employees, customer, inventory, orders, and sales. Kudler’s products have perishable inventory that must be properly tracked. This brief will evaluate database tables from an accounting perspective. In addition, gives recommendations for improvement, pivot table, and entity relationship diagram will help the company have a better decision-making process. Assessment of the design elements of the data tables from an accounting perspective. Data Table analysis is vital to the success of the business, the data given in these tables is available for the end user to determine how much inventory is available and when it require to order more inventory. The purpose of the data tables will arranges the financial data into department, financial codes, items, and sums of total amount of transaction. Data table get the most out of the informational and visual presentation for the financial data. The user of the data can easily to identify the item belongs to certain department and how many items were received at the given cost for a certain period. In addition, the data allows in finding quantity and total amount on hand for an item and calculating average price of the item. Kudler Fine Foods data tables the company has now, organized per department and location by a general codes in a general ledger. For example the codes differentiated per department, product, and locations, in addition, the first two digits show the location (10) La Jolla, (11) Del Mar, (12) Encinitas, the second show the department (15) Bakery, (16) Meat & Seafood, (17) Produce, (18) Cheese & dairy, (19) Wine. Last, the two digits will show the product (20) imported cheeses, and in the ledger codes each location inventory will be broken down into different department. The inventory data table and general ledger use will not give enough information to the end user of the total cost remaining from the inventory list. The user that is preparing to order items will not know how much inventory is available to order (Wiley & Sons, 2004). An Entity relationship diagram will show the hierarchy of how data reviewed by the end users, and the information represented the entity relationship diagrams includes the company entities and relationship among them. Entity relationship diagrams have for symbols: the entities are represented by a diamonds to describe relationship, the entity is described by ovals, characteristics, and connecting lines illustrates relationships. The entity relationship diagram will demonstrate the hierarchy shapes presented by rectangles, ovals, diamonds, and connecting lines. As an example of (Code: 021520) location Del Mar department is (18) Cheese & dairy, and the product is imported cheeses. The code number will give the purchaser, inventory item, summary item, and the total amount available in the inventory of the item. The data table gives the company accurate information needed for the company to sell the item. The recommendation for improvements to the Kudler Fine Foods data tables, the pivot table is a two-dimensional statistical summary of database information. The database information can be improved by arranging the codes, and categorize the data by compiling the list of product inventory levels. This improvement will simplify the monitoring of items for a department that has different product to sell. Data sorting should allow visualizing of the data faster and finding the information management need to make effective decisions ((Wiley & Sons, 2004). In addition, the improvement of the data tables will give more information to the end users. The data table needs to give substantial information for the decision-making process from management. The improved data-base needs to have the cost and quantity available for effective decisions to be made by management. As an example Del Mar Kudler Fine Food location has $700 of inventory of cheeses available the code is 021520, however it is unknown on the exact quantity. The improvements of the data-base will include the quantity, cost of each unit, and the total available. Creating accurate information will help management know if the stock is low or high with accurate information makes effective decision-making for the company (Wiley & Sons, 2004). Conclusion Presently Kudler’s advised some improvement required to their nventory data table and Kudler’s should update the database with data tables that allow them easily to access and calculate optimal inventory levels for each store. The upgrade will provide quality of data and eliminate redundant information. Kudler Fine Foods values the level customer service that the company has strived to give a high level. Data tables will be monitored to elevate errors, improve accuracy for the company success in growth. Improvements of the data-base are essential for management to make effective decisions for effective customer satisfaction. Pivot tables will allow quick access to vital data.

“Legalization Of Marijuana”: Pro Marijuana Essay

Marijuana should be legalized to solve many of today’s problems. These problems have gotten so out of hand that many extreme options are being considered to control or solve it. There seems to be no way to end the war against Marijuana other than to legalize it . The war on Marijuana doesn’t seem to be accomplishing too much. Different options need to be considered. There have also been too many lies, misunderstandings and misinterpretations thrown at Marijuana. Legalization is an option that hasn’t gotten a chance but should be given one. Although many people feel that legalizing marijuana would increase the amount of use, marijuana should be legalized because it will reduce the great amounts of money spent on enforcement and it will increase our country’s revenue. There are also many benefits that can be found to help people if legalization of marijuana is given a chance. Legalizing marijuana would increase our economy’s revenue. During alcohols prohibition, alcohol was still sold and used, but people were doing it illegally. Then the government took away the prohibition law and alcohol taxes were increased. The same thing should happen with Marijuana. Marijuana should be taxed heavily to increase our revenue. Marijuana would be made by the same people at pharmacy’s, so the quality would be assured, containing no poisons or impurities. Then Marijuana could be taxed heavily because the users will be assured of â€Å"clean drugs.† Making Marijuana legal will reduce the great amounts of money spent on enforcement every year. Drug dealers and users are one step ahead on the enforcement process. If one drug lord is caught, another one will show up somewhere else. We can’t defeat the dealers that way. Too much money is wasted on a cause that seems to have no end. So much of this money could be used on better things. By lifting the ban on marijuana use and treating it like other drugs such as tobacco and alcohol, the nation would gain immediate and long-term benefits. This change in the law would greatly improve the quality of life for many people. Victims of glaucoma and those needing  antinausea treatment, for example, would get easier access to Marijuana. Also, Doctors could get on with the investigation of marijuana’s medical uses without fear of being put in jail. It might also become possible to discuss the accusations of the dangers of marijuana use without getting caught up in a policy debate. Meanwhile, the black market would disappear overnight. Some arrangement would be made to license the production of marijuana cigarettes. Thousands of dealers would be put out of business, and the economy would begin to open up. This would lower crime dramatically. The dealers and their organizations would have no flow of money, no money means no guns and no reason for as many gang wars. The legalization of marijuana would also help the federal budget in two ways, the federal cash flow would increase, because marijuana cigarettes would be taxed. In return, the companies that make the cigarettes would also pay taxes. Second, there would be less money spent on law enforcement to apprehend and jail users and sellers of marijuana. The drug enforcement authorities might finally focus more on intense, hard drugs and violent crimes and the courts wouldn’t have to worry about sending so many people to jails. Marijuana should be legalized to solve many of today’s problems.

Methodology Components Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methodology Components - Essay Example As a research procedure, the school is organized by use of learning methods that have resulted in improved performance in the school (Fullan, 2000). Action research approach should be adopted during the study. The researcher can use both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to achieve the objectives. Experimental method is appropriate where the researcher can easily interact with the respondents. Two possible methods to be used in data collection are observation and interview (Tompkins, 1998). The researcher should carry out cross data validity to ensure that the information to be gathered is correct. Information can also be collected by data triangulation. Random grouping of the students and treating them equally in the English lesson should be done. The students should come from the same school faculty, experienced same socio-economic environment, same educational backgrounds and educational opportunities, accessed same teaching materials and should have equally attended same curriculum classes. The differences are the groups formed and the teaching model used. Teachers who are supposed to use cooperative learning techniques are taken through training so that they can impart right information to students who will go through the experiment. Teachers who will not use the cooperative learning methods are not supposed to attend this training. Data collection and procedures should be done in three phases and should not last more than two months. At the initial stages, the researcher conducts the pre-test to ascertain students’ attitudes and their educational experiences. Students’ attitude and their achievements in the subject in the past can be collected in form of questionnaires. After pre-test, treatment step for more five weeks follows. The teachers who went through the training on cooperative learning should

Personal Report for Financial Services Term Paper - 1

Personal Report for Financial Services - Term Paper Example Its equity jumped to QR 5.3 billion, and its profits for the years was QR 0.78 billion (Jaghoub, 2013). QIC offers several services caged under Personal and Business Insurance. Under personal insurance QIC offers Home Care, which essentially covers your home and everything within its confines. Premier Automobile Insurance is tailored to insure your vehicle, family and whoever else is caught up in an accident or car crash involving your automobile. Travel care covers clients on holiday in whatever part of world by providing quality medical care and life insurance (Ali, 2013). Under the Business Insurance segment, QIC offers corporate medical and Motor insurance for companies under their plan. They also offer Marine and Aviation Insurance, which essentially covers cargo that is transported via water and air, most of which is vulnerable to natural hazards, pirate activities, collision and pollution liabilities (Ali, 2013). They also cover any damage to the sea vessels or aircrafts during the course of freight.QIC also diversifies into financial advisory and real estate, which has seen its margins grow exponentially in the recent past. Under real estate, the company invests its funds in property development and purchase of real estate. QIC management team also offers financial consultancy services to other companies with the aim of steering them into profitability (Ali, 2013). The service quality of QIC is exemplary. It offers a wide array of services, most of which are tailored to met specific needs. They are known to make payments on time incase claims are made. Their valuations are commensurate to the damage inflicted on an individual or property (Ali, 2013). Being an underwriter in its on right, QIC has been issued a Rating A/Stable in financial strength and Issuer Credit, confirming that the company is excellent in risk adjustment capitalization, above average

Federal Financial Assistance and Wage Control Essay

Federal Financial Assistance and Wage Control - Essay Example Public outrage at the bailouts and the government's haste in pushing through the economic package was huge and unprecedented, with other entities and industries also clamoring to be bailed out in a similar manner. This objective of this essay is to discuss the morality of using tax funds to bail out ailing corporate entities to avoid them becoming insolvent and whether the government should initiate wage controls and strict accountability policies when providing such funds. With respect to wage controls, the questions to be answered are why and how much, rather to what degree government must step in to control and prevent the misuse and abuse of bailout funds. Each of these questions is addressed in the different sections which follow. By its very definition, a capitalist or free market economy is built on competition and "survival of the fittest", with little or no government intervention. The success or failure of a business is determined by the way business is conducted and how such businesses deal with fluctuating market forces. In the current economic meltdown, it is quite obvious that many business entities played "fast and loose" with sound economic principles in order to maximize profits by following unsound credit practices and with inadequate risk management or controls in place. By doing so, they've traded long-term growth and profitability for short-term gains in the years preceding the sub-prime mortgage crisis. The latter acted as the trigger which brought down the American economy to its knees and led to the collapse of numerous financial institutions. This has forced the government to step in to bail-out distressed companies at the cost of its citizen taxpayers. Is such an intervention justified Th e answer is clearly a 'no', given the unique nature of a capitalist economy. Businesses are required to compete with each other in the marketplace, having a free hand in the usage of capital, labor and other resources, because the end goal is profitability. A company or business entity which does not adhere to the principles of a free market economy, or tries to derive unfair advantages by misusing its powers, is doomed to fail in the long run. This is the natural consequence of unfair competition and the corporation must face the same in the natural order of the market. However, such large-scale failures of several companies at the same time can have a disastrous effect on the economy and society as a whole, hence it raises the question of government interference to avoid a catastrophe, a rationale advocated by the Bush administration and Congress in providing the $700 billion bailout in 2008. According to Ingham (2008), in a capitalist economy, the market is a self-regulating entity and the state (or government) role should be limited to providing infrastructure and resources which help in sustaining a free market economy and intervening under only exceptional circumstances where the market fails to correct itself. Is the current economic crisis such a circumstance Common sense would indicate this to be so, but the next concern would be to what extent should the state intervene to resolve this issue The answer to this concern can be summarized as

Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Truth - Essay Example However, diverse the topic of truth, a measure of its boundaries and applications is imperative but logically unattainable. Knowledge in philosophy denotes justified true belief. In trying to explain epistemology, philosophers developed different ideologies. The use of perception in relation to sense data to determine knowledge and, therefore, truth has yielded a lot of debate. For instance, direct realism holds that, the world consists of mind independent physical objects. Through perception, an individual is directly aware of the independent objects. Then comes the science that states, what we perceive as an object is but a reflection of light. Scientists justify their claim beyond a reasonable doubt, in which case the absence of light is equal to the inability to see the object. Perception is, however, not dependent on one sense for humans have an abundance of five. For instance, in the dark one can still hear when he bumps into the object, feel its texture and approximate its siz e (touch), taste the surface and take in its scent (smell). Indirect realism tries to distinguish objects that are physically real and objects perceived by the mind. Indirect realists achieve this by assuming that humans are indirectly aware of mind independent objects. Study of the human mind has revealed that there are states in which the mind cannot distinguish true perceptions from false perceptions. Such states include illusions, dreams and other phenomena such as hallucinations which are real to minds as if they were in normal states. These states, therefore, disclaim the validity of both direct and indirect realism. This, in summary, dictates that the minds interpretation of the light ergo the object and in extension truth is as far as the individual mind perceives. Idealism holds that all physical objects are nothing more than just a collection of sensory ideas. In light of this, idealist can contradictorily say that 1) we are perceptually aware of actual physical things, bu t 2) all experiences are experiences of mental representations. Justification and belief are not enough to make a premise true as mentioned earlier. This insufficiency results in the Gettier problem. Philosophers try to solve this problem for instance, some theorists suggest redefining reliability. Nonetheless, the state of the mind controls the senses in which case truth still relies on an individual’s perception, however, fallible. What then are universal truths? Are all human minds playing a universal trick? Truth is the relation between a thing, state of affairs and their supporting evidence. The statement made is as a result of thought and judgment which require logical constructs to determine, in which case appeal to logos is eminent. Many intellectuals see Correspondence theory as dependent on conforms of external reality, ergo, metaphysics. To justify a preposition P as there has to exist a balanced equation between the components of preposition A and intellect. The b alance of this equation does not restrict to objects and facts hence can apply to feelings, emotion, and people just but a few. Correspondence theory can describe two approaches of truth namely object based and fact based. Object-based correspondence summarizes judgment (in relation to an object) as true only if associate predicates correspond to the object. Noted, two accounts in regard to predicate associations are pertinent a) forming a reference relation and b) forming a correspondence relation. In summary, believes hold true if corresponding facts remain valid and false when corresponding facts are void. The correspondence theory to a considerable extent is a defense for metaphysical realism. However, all knowledge has a foundation in which

Read the Bourmistrov and Kaarboe (2013) paper and identify its key Essay

Read the Bourmistrov and Kaarboe (2013) paper and identify its key contribution(s). Critically evaluate and discuss the role of - Essay Example However, the scope of accounting profession has tremendously changed over the last two decades, and today top managers encourage the accountants to be a management partner instead of a mere technical partner. In addition, the emergence of new business concepts like beyond budgeting has greatly increased the significance of the accounting profession because top executives cannot deal with those newly developed practices without the external support of accountants. This paper will identify the key contributions of the paper written by Anatoli Bourmistrov and Katarina Kaarboe and critically evaluate the role of accountants and accounting practices in managing contemporary organisations. Beyond Budgeting The work titled ‘From comfort to stretch zones: A field study of two multinational companies applying â€Å"beyond budgeting† ideas’ was prepared by Anatoli Bourmistrov and Katarina Kaarboe. In this paper, the authors give particular focus to management control system s (MCSs) operating on the basis of beyond budgeting ideas. They explore how changes in the design principles of these systems have affected the transition of decision makers from comfort to stretch zones. The research work also identifies how this transition has influenced the supply of and demand for managerial information. This paper has been prepared in the background of the evidence that there are many organisational problems in connection with using budgets. From this scholarly work, it is identified that elements like discomfort with the establishment and comfort zones maintenance for decision makers through annual budgeting have persuaded organisations to think of new management control systems. The major aim of implementing beyond budgeting was to change the structure of the information supply. This process greatly assists organisations to effectively manage budget information relating to target setting, forecasts, and resource allocation processes. This paper clearly illust rates that new information from an MCS based on new design principles has significantly influenced the behaviour and mindset of decision makers. It is also observed that information use is different under this situation as compared to previous budget-focused practices. This study is greatly helpful for readers to understand that beyond budgeting (BB) practices aid organisations to develop a new type of management control system and information supply with intent to facilitate the transition of decision makers into the stretch zone. Bourmistrov and Kaarboe (2013) state that â€Å"BB is thus a search for new and more nuanced ‘comfort’ zones, where decision-makers will be, to an increasing degree, able to positively appreciate the entrepreneurial and challenging nature of managerial work and also be able to use new information for increasing interaction with the internal and external business environment, as well as for negotiations and learning†. This study is help ful to recognise how organisations that see budgeting as a problematic practice make changes to their management control systems and information supply. The paper also addresses the way the individuals in organisations change the practice of using information in connection with the change in BB practices. The authors present the concept of beyond budgeting as a change in mindset in contrast to traditional norms where BB was perceived as a small operational change. They add that the transformation identified seems to be a matter of

The film Gandhi Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The film Gandhi - Movie Review Example One of the core precipitating factors of this film was that this film did not only promise to be a great historical venture but the movement occurred at a time where the threat of nuclear holocaust was surrounding the world. Even that did not stop Gandhi from fighting for the freedom movement and it also reminded us that humans are certainly capable of achieving the impossible through their imagination and through their civic rights.Mobilizing People for ActionThough it was initially ignored by the British rulers they soon realized that Gandhi has been able to ignite a spark among the Indians and had started a movement for liberty. The film is historically accurate in this regard as Gandhi went to hunger-strike and non-violent protests to achieve his motive but never tried to use violence to achieve his goals. There is even a scene in the film where several Gandhi followers march forward to be beaten to the ground by the British during their non-violent protest. According to Attenbor ough (1982), Gandhi did want to liberate India from the British but wanted to achieve this motive without any bloodshed and he did propel his citizens to follow the path of Satyagraha (The right path). Mohandas Gandhi stood at the epicenter of all the movement. However, there were some complexities which are implicit in this issue. Though India did liberate itself from the British it had all came at the expense of the conflict among Hindus and Muslims of India and Pakistan.

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

International marketing - Essay Example The profit margin may not make selling in the domestic market a worthwhile proposition. Moreover, due to immense technological developments, thanks to the contribution of Science and Technology, the global markets have opened up. At times, an organisation may sell globally to achieve competitive advantage. Samsung as a global brand has also transcended all geographical borders and have been able to establish as a brand of international repute. In international marketing the main characteristics encompass the factors such as the world economy is viewed as one market; marketing strategies are tailored to suit the individual market; and there are standardisation and customisation of the products as and when required by the markets. When a firm achieves growth, it sets its sight on overseas soils. Growth makes expansion imperative. This is precisely why a firm sells its goods and services in foreign countries. A firm is confronted with a host of complex issues in international marketing. Marketing in a foreign country is not a simple task. Therefore, the variables that constitute the international marketing environment are local tastes and requirements, local customs and cultures, governments, laws and regulations, technologies and the sizes of the markets. All these variables, which are extremely difficult to predict, have a deep influence on the marketing strategies of a firm (Gogolova, n.d.). This is a unique feature of firms which sells their products globally. Marketing Standardisation signifies that the parent firm will sell the similar product in the foreign countries as it sells in the home country. There is also similarity in all the marketing activities. Marketing control denotes to what extent the domestic company influences power on the management of the companies that are located abroad. The extent of control can range from limited autonomy to absolute delegation of power. The rationale behind this

BUDGET ISSUES IN NEW YORK STATE Speech or Presentation

BUDGET ISSUES IN NEW YORK STATE - Speech or Presentation Example One of the major issues that had an impact on the New York Budget was the reforms done on the sales tax in 2010. According to the New York State Senate Committee on Budget and Tax Reforms, the sales tax was not effective in keeping pace with the technological changes as well as economic development. One of the notable aspects of the sales tax was that there was large amount of uncollected revenue thus affecting the state budget in terms of increased deficit. For example, according to Scott Peterson a member of the streamlined sales tax governing board, in 2011 New York budget experienced a deficit of $1,518 million based on the uncollected sales tax amounting to $1,415.3million. This resulted to the establishment of public roundtable that was aimed at discussing the sales tax. Thus the sales budget collection process was streamlined leading to reduction in the budget deficit. According to the Senate Select Committee that was formed by the Senate, the sales tax legislation that was pa ssed in 1965, was being affected by the technological, political and economical trends. For example, the committee indicated that the economy was changing to service from industrial based economy. Additionally, there has been an increase in the tax credits as well as sales tax exemption over the years. Thus, there has been no significant growth on the revenue thus affecting the government expenditure. Another notable issue on the sales tax bill that was passed by then governor Nelson Rockefeller was that internet services as well as mail order were major areas where sales tax remained uncollected. This had a negative impact on the state budget in the sense that despite the increased government expenditure, there were no effective mechanisms of tax collection. Based on the impact of the trends in the technology, economy and politics in the form of undermining the fiscal position of the state of New York, Krueger, the leader of the Select Committee, arranged for a meeting with other s takeholders to discuss on how the fiscal stability of the state would be enhanced by establishing a proper sales tax policy which was more rational and economical. This included modernizing the sales tax system. After the meeting to improve the collection and use of the sales tax for improvement of public activities, the committee recommended the use of Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA). This entailed rules that the government authorities would adopt during the collection of sales tax from the urban and local sellers. One of the key aspects that led to the success of the roundtable meeting to solve the sales tax crises that was held in Albany, was the involvement of various stakeholders. For example, the committee took into consideration the ideas from eleven tax experts from various industries. Thus, the experts provided resourceful technical contributions to the select committee thus making the whole process a success. Fixation of New York broken budget process The s econd issues that affected the budgeting process were the reforms that were initiated by Senator Krueger to fix the New York broken budget process in 2010. Krueger aim was to make comprehensive reforms

The Small Business Structure Planning and Funding Essay Example for Free

The Small Business Structure Planning and Funding Essay Week 1 Individual Assignment: Strategic Management Process Paper Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper explaining steps of the strategic management process as it applies to your business or one you would like to start. Discussion Questions 1 and 2 Week 2, Learning Team Assignment: Business Model Comparison Identify an industry with which you are familiar, then choose two businesses in that industry. Identify the business model and forms of ownership for each business, then complete the Comparison of Businesses Matrix. Write a 700- to 1050-word paper in which the team evaluates and compares different components of each business’s model after completing each matrix. Describe benefits associated with each business by evaluating how they built a sustainable competitive advantage. Explain advantages and disadvantages of each business’s ownership Discussion Questions 1 and 2 Week 3, Individual Assignment: Business Plan Evaluation (Use the Business Pro Plan Module) Evaluate the business plan submitted by an entrepreneur for investment and decide if you will invest in the business. Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you include the following: Evaluate the plan’s overall writing. Conduct a feasibility analysis of the idea presented in the plan. Identify competencies the entrepreneur must have to be successful in building the business. Make a recommendation if you plan to invest in the business. Week 4, Learning Team Assignment; Strategic Marketing Plan (Use Business Plan Pro Module) Discuss some ideas for a hypothetical e-commerce business. Each team  member must suggest at least two different ideas. Decide on one member’s idea. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you explain the process your team may use to build a strategic marketing plan for the business. Describe various pricing strategies appropriate for your business. Assess pros and cons of each strategy. Select one pricing strategy for your business. Reference the Intelichild.com business plan for an example. Format your paper according to APA standards. Submit your Strategic Marketing Plan to the facilitator. Week 5, Individual Assignment: Future Growth Paper Prepare a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you use the business from your Strategic Marketing Plan. Assess optional strategies you may use when the business goes global. Describe strategies you would use to build a management team to ensure the business’s growth. Identify possible challenges you would face when managing a growing business and possible strategies to overcome the challenges Learning Team Assignment: Financial Plan Discuss some possible ideas for a service business. Each team member must suggest at least two different ideas. Decide on one member’s idea.   Prepare a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you describe the process your team could use to prepare a basic financial plan for the business. Identify cash flow management strategies that may be used in your business. Explain why these strategies are best. Evaluate different sources of funding for your business and select one. Discuss why this source is most feasible. Refer to the Adorable Pet Photo business plan for an example. Submit your Financial Plan to the facilitator.

Bottled water purchasing patterns of university students

Bottled water purchasing patterns of university students Safe and reliable drinking water is an issue in most of the countries, so companies have installed their plants to supply water in bottles to satisfy the consumers. But the reliability of all bottled water is always questioned. In Pakistan the purified water bottled industry is approximately 25 years old. It made its advent in Pakistan in 1980s. Abehayyat was the pioneer brand at that time. It is a common perception that most mineral bottled water appears to be safe and of better quality than water from other sources (Filtered, Boiled and Tap water), but the quality of some brands is spotty, however, and such products may pose a health risk. (Natural Resources Defense Council, 2008) There are rifts which seek to question the reliability and hygiene of Bottled water. Following are some brands of bottled water which are present in Karachi Market: 1. Aquafina 2. Aqua safe 3.Classic 4. Culligan 5. Kinley 6.Nestle Furthermore, primary research has determined which brands are available, famous and considered to be reliable in the minds of students. Research Problem This research explores the purchasing patterns of university students with regard to their attitude and buying behaviour of mineral bottled water. By attitude I mean the following: Is a particular gender more attracted to mineral bottled water? Is household income affecting the buying behaviour towards mineral bottled water? Do particular brands affect the buying behaviour of students? What is the students perception towards the reliability, and hygiene factors of mineral bottled water? Which type of media is more influential for consumers regarding mineral bottled water? What factors (brand image, company image, price, bottle shape and bottle size i.e. 0.5 liter, 1 liter, 1.5 liters, 2 liters, 5 liters, 10 liters, and others) influence students for using mineral bottled water? These are the major questions which need to be addressed. 1.3 Scope of the Study The study was conducted in only two universities of Karachi First is Karachi University; my focus was only on two departments Food Sciences and Chemistry. Second is Bahria in which our respondents would be students of Management Sciences i.e. BBA and MBA. Study Objectives The main objectives of the study are the following: To explore how demographic factors (income, gender etc) psychographic factors (interest, attitudes, opinions loyalty etc) affect buying of mineral bottled water. To describe the information about brands of mineral bottled water available in Karachi Market To find out which type of source of information (communication medium) is more influential for students towards mineral bottled water. Importance of Research This study has been helpful in evaluating consumers perception towards mineral bottled water in Karachi. What they perceive regarding each and every brand of mineral bottled water. This study has let us know about the top of mind brands of mineral bottled in Karachi market. It can help the companies to know that which segment be targeted and which marketing strategy of mineral bottled water be implemented. 1.6 Research Methodology This study is qualitative in nature. Qualitative method is suitable to ascertain the in-depth insights of students regarding mineral bottled water. It helps in exploring students perception and attitude towards the purchase of mineral bottled water in Karachi. Researchers used in-depth interviews with students based mainly on open ended questions. In depth discussion encourages a spontaneous and free flowing exchange of opinions and ideas among respondents. We have taken two extremes, one is Government owned Karachi University in which Food Sciences and Chemistry departments were interviewed because they deal in chemicals and reactions, so they must have clear knowledge about the composition of mineral bottled water. And second is privately owned Bahria in which BBA and MBA departments were interviewed with mainly upper upper middle class backgrounds. A reason of choosing these disciplines is to get a clear idea of behaviour and class because lots of students drink mineral bottled water as a symbol of status. Non probability, convenience sampling technique was used to conduct In-depth interviews. The questionnaire was finalized after consultation with the instructor, and was used after instructors approval 1.6.1 Sampling Data Collection In this study it includes a total sample of 200 students from two universities of Karachi i.e. KU BAHRIA. Breakup is given as follows: Karachi Institute/Departments Management Sciences Undergraduate BBA Graduate MBA 1.BAHRIA Male Female Male 25 25 25 Sub Total 50 50 Total 100 BBA and MBA students were chosen to assess the different perceptive of two different disciplines. Being business students they have an understanding and knowledge of marketing and brand concepts. Karachi Institute/Departments Food Sciences Chemistry 2.Karachi University Male Female Male 25 25 25 Sub Total 50 50 Total 100 BAHRIA and KU were chosen to get an equal representation of students in Karachi from every aspect i.e. socio-economic class and perception. Aforementioned departments have been chosen, their students possess sufficient knowledge beverages and chemical compositions. Data Collection: Secondary Data: This data was conducted through research Journals, previous Researchers conducted, business magazines and relevant websites Primary Data: Non probability convenient sampling technique was used to collect data through semi-structured questionnaires. Relevant samples (Top of mind brands of mineral bottled water revealed by students at a later stage) 1.7 Limitation of This Study This was a new area of research which had not yet been tapped in Pakistan, so it is very difficult to acquire information (especially from secondary data). This research was confined to only two universities of Karachi. Within those universities two departments were targeted for this research. This research concerns only the behaviour of students towards mineral bottled water because their consumer patterns may differ from outside market or other departments of universities or other universities of Karachi. Growing terrorist concerns resulted in the closure of Universities which led to delays. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Mineral Bottled Water: An Overview Mineral Bottled water by definition is pure water bottled for commercial purposes sold to consumers throughout different countries at different prices. It is now clear that mineral bottled water has become a commodity and various brand names have sprung up around the globe. According to Hall (2007) Water bottling is a huge business which is getting greater, by growing annually about ten percent over the past five years. There is no arguing how much mineral bottled water has become a part of our lives. Mineral bottled water is easily available everywhere in our colleges, universities, hospitals etc. Mineral bottled water has become a popular source of refreshment and revitalization internationally. Mineral bottled water has become a multibillion dollar industry with huge profit margins which has led to some big questions. Can we really put a price on something that is such a sustainable part of life and isnt putting a price on mineral bottled water denying some people the right to consumption of safe and reliable water resources? But even bigger questions are what is mineral bottled water exactly is it pure mineral water or is it just filtered tap water that has gone through a process of purification and put in plastic bottles along with a price tag that has a huge cost to profit margin for the manufacturers According to Eric Goldstein, co-director of the urban program at the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), a non-profit organization devoted to protecting health and the environment. Evocative names and labels representing pastoral scenes have persuaded us that liquid is the purest drink around. But we should not think that mineral bottled water is better regulated, protected and safer than tap water. Some mineral bottled water does come from sparkling springs and pristine sources, but 25 percent or more of mineral bottled water comes from a municipal supply, which is treated, distilled and sold to us, at raised prices. Most people are amazed to find out that theyre drinking overvalued tap water, but bottlers do not need to mention the resource on the label. (Jemmott, 2008). 2.1.1 Origin of Bottled Water Columbia Water Centre says that since ancient times mineral bottled water has been around in some form or the other.  In the first century AD, during the times of the Roman Empire, people would travel to collect water in ceramic containers from the areas source water to their homes to enjoy it, and the rich had slaves and servants who did this for them. Water is and always has been a source of life sustainability and people have always considered mineral water as therapeutic so in some form or the other water has been used for commercial gain. According to the Columbia Water Centre bottled water did not become a business until the 1700s. Before the opening of spas where people used to come for the treatment of illnesses, modern medicine people started to consume mineral waters to help treat constipation, kidney stones and for common health.  The business of mineral bottled water began with the opening of spas. Initially, the spas would give out the water to their guests when they left to take with them.   Then in the early 1800s, the spas began to ship the water to people, by charging only the shipping costs and not for the real water. As this practice rose, the spas realized that they could earn profits by charging for the mineral water also. Vittel, Evian, Perrier and San Pellegrino, are the early suppliers of mineral bottled water who are still well known among others. But according to McCormack (2004) the real boost of bottled water market did not commence until 1968 when Vittel revolutionarily launched the first plastic bottled water aimed for general public consumption and within thirty years time it became a contemporary phenomenon. The plastic bottle made it easier to carry around water for consumption leading to its massive sales and growth as an industry. 2.1.2 Bottled Water Worldwide Scenario According to Jemmott (2008) Mineral Bottled water is in all places, restaurants, homes, stores, offices and aeroplanes and all across the country. In 2006, we consumed more than eight billion gallons of the matter, which was 10 percent more than 2005. Its stimulating, calorie-free, handy, and tastier than the other tap water, also better than sugary sodas. Because of this According to the (World Watch Institute, 2007) consumers feel that choosing bottled water is a convenient alternative to buying many other packaged beverages, which may include unessential sugars, caffeine, and other chemical additives. It would seem that buying and drinking water is a logical action. Water bottlers around the world use this consumer faith to promote their product as convenient, safe and clean etc. They use a variety of marketing tools to communicate their message to their target audience. The non-alcoholic beverage industry spends an average of $2 billion per year (as of 2005) on advertising, making these beverages one of the most heavily advertised commodities in the U.S. (Zheng and Kaiser, 2008) This is no ordinary amount it shows how aggressively the bottled water industry markets its image of purity and safety. 2.1.3 Global Bottled Water Market According to statistics presented by the Global Industry Guide, In 2006 the global market of mineral bottled water grew by 7% and reached to $60,938.1 million, whereas on 2011, the value reached to $86,421.2 million which was an increase of 21.8% from 2006 to 2011. In 2006 market grew by 8.1% and reached a volume of 115,393.5 million litres. The market forecast for 2011 is to have an increase of 51% from 2006 with a volume of 174,286.6 million litres. bottled-water world figures Source: New Internationalist, Plastic is Forever, 2008 The United States holds the highest consumption in terms of countries followed by Mexico and then by China. In terms of regional global bottled water sales Europe is clearly the leader as shown in the pie chart below. Figure 2.8: United Kingdom Bottled Water Market Segmentation II: % Share, by Value, 2005(e) Source: Datamonitor (2), (2005), Global Bottled Water, Industry Profile, p. 12. 2.1.4 Market share and Distribution According to Zhao (2006) Group Danone, which is one of the worlds largest food producers, holds the largest market share in the UK bottled water market by the end of 2004. The company had a 22% of the market consumed volume, followed by Nestle S.A., accounted for 13.4% of the market. The domestic player-Highland Spring, which is one of the UKs leading bottled water suppliers, had 10.3% market share. In 1992 one could find seven hundred brands of mineral bottled water in the United States, and today there are over a thousand brands of mineral bottled water there and the number keep on increasing. The top five companies in the United States are earning billions, and the US companies are controlling just about half of the worlds market for the bottled water. 6 Source: US Bottled Water Industry 2.2 Bottled Water Pakistan Scenario It is clear that bottled water is a global phenomena and the focus of much consumer attention internationally. The figures clearly show a growing consumer trust in bottled water. The question now is does Pakistan have a similar level of consumer trust which has lead to an increase in bottled water consumption. In an article by Syed Ali Muhammad (2005) In Asian Countries, demand for mineral bottled water has developed by leaps and bounds over the past seven years, the Trans-Caucasus, North Africa and Middle East. The bottled water market in Pakistan is observing nearly 40 percent of the annual growth. Advertisement campaigns for mineral bottled water seldom show it as a lucrative luxury item; however they give the impression that it is a part of common effort against shortage of water. According to Rosemann (2005) A yearly consumption of about 2 litres per person bottled water.128 Compared with Thailands 43 litres and Philippines 15 litres per capita consumption, this seems relatively low. But taking Pakistans population into account, one has to estimate an annual consumption of 318 million litres. While again, sufficient figures are not available to prove this 964 percent consumption increase in five years, one is able to conclude that Pakistan is a highly dynamic and lucrative market. The statistics and figures above clearly do mention that Pakistan itself is a very lucrative market. There is a growing concern that people here are putting their trust in bottled water. Consumers use pet water bottles on the go because of their mobility and they use larger bottles of water at their homes for daily drinking purposes. Daily Pakistani consumers are bombarded with a plethora of ads depicting bottled water as pure, hygienic and safe. This may be factual but it also displays a clear opinion that the consumers share that water from other sources namely tap water is not fit for consumption and for people who have a choice they are switching over to bottled water. But are consumers here putting their trust into bottled water a little too early. What are the systems that govern bottled water in Pakistan namely its quality and the availability of safe brands of bottled water in the Pakistani market? 2.2.1 Pakistan Bottled Water Market According to the Standards and Quality Control Authority Pakistan, out of the 200 companies selling mineral bottled water in Pakistan, only 27 companies keep up the set standards. (Syed Ali Muhammad, 2005) The Pakistani bottled water market has about 27 corporations officially selling their products. But during summers there is a high fluctuation and this number exceeds to above and beyond 200 companies that flood the market with products that were not there before. The Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, is the national standardization body. It is their duty to ensure the safety and standards of products in Pakistan. From the viewpoint of quality control, PCRWR is observing a variation in the market of 50 percent, e.g. yearly about half of the brands vanish and are substituted by new brands. In 2005 PSQCA admitted that 200 companies are selling bottled water in Pakistan, but only 27 are registered as maintaining standards stipulated for the product. Nestle itself estimates approximately 150 water brands, with only 15 registered under the PSQCA scheme. (Rosemann, 2005) Rosemann (2005) further states that Nestlà © controls the majority of the market (over 50 percent) with its brands Pure Life, AVA and Fontalia, while Danones subsidy Sparkletts holds 12 percent and another local brand BSW has an estimated five percent market share. 2.3 Consumer Perception towards bottled water In terms of definition consumer perception talks about how a person or an organization views a certain commodity or service. How he or she understands and apprehends that certain commodity or service. In this case consumer perception talks about how a consumer looks at and rates bottled water. What are the factors that lead to consumers purchasing mineral bottled water? According to one study by MRUK research when asked to describe their reasons for using bottled water, respondents cited a range of different answers. In the May 2006 wave of research, over one-third (39%) of respondents reported that bottled water had a better taste, with a similar proportion (36%) who believed that bottled water was of better quality. This represents a significant increase over the September 2005 wave of research when only 14% of respondents cited better quality as a reason for using bottled water. (McKissock et al., 2007) Below is a table listing the reasons consumers use Bottled water: Table 1 Reasons for using Bottled Water April 04 Sept 04 Sept 05 May 06 Better taste 33 23 32 39 Convenience 32 29 31 12 Better quality 16 3 14 36 Safer / healthier for the children 2 5 4 3 Prefer flavoured water 5 7 8 10 Prefer sparkling water 3 5 3 2 Habit 1 16 8 11 Source: Mruk research limited (Consumer Perceptions and Experiences of Drinking Water Quality in Scotland: Secondary Research) In another research by the Consumer Attitude Survey on Water Quality Issues (1993), people do show signs of worrying about tap water safety even in countries where tap water is filtered and provided to people on a regular basis. Figure 2.2: Why people drink bottled water Source: Consumer Attitude Survey on Water Quality Issues (1993), American Water Works Association Research Foundation. p19. (Zhao, 2006) The success story of bottled water as discussed seems to come from a variety of factors. Namely Consumer Perception of higher quality, better taste, convenience etc. Because water is a source of life consumers see some water brands as revitalizing and even consider some water as healing. A notable example is Fuji Water, which was bottled in Viti Levu, Fijis main island, claiming has a very low pH level and contains the highest concentration of silica which helps tissue repair and reduce risk of heart disease, was becoming the No. 1 imported water in the U.S and also found it way to the UK supermarket chain, Waitrose (Rosa, 2004). But this isnt the only perspective that consumers share about bottled water there are many who do feel that bottled water is a drain on our resources, as it takes more water to produce the plastic bottle then it does to actually fill that said bottle. Source: MANATAKA: American Indian Councilhttp://www.manataka.org/images/tapwater.jpg As the picture illustrates there are different perspectives shared around the world. From how bottled water is manufactured to how it impacts our planet and the way we live. According to Jemmott (2008) Agree, some mineral bottled water does come from pristine sources and sparkling springs, but 25 percent or more of mineral bottled water comes from a municipal supply, which is treated, distilled and sold to us, at raised prices. Most people are amazed to find out that theyre drinking overvalued tap water, but bottlers do not need to mention the resource on the label. If more than 25 percent of bottled water comes from the tap instead of some pristine lake or some secret spring full of minerals that are pure then why do consumers feel it is the purest drink out there? This is the perception that has been built around consumers even in countries where tap water is provided filtered to each and every home as a basic human need. The success story then definitely remains to be positive consumer perceptions that outweigh the negative perceptions. It is these positive perceptions that are promoted my billion dollar advertising and promotion campaigns. This positive perception building has led to bottle water becoming big business with even bigger profit margins. Theoretical Framework There are many perspectives to Bottled water around the world from general consumer preferences to University students consumption preferences. Universities around the world in developed countries like U.S., U.K. and Canada have both positive and negative perceptions about bottled water. Students in these universities have various arguments and counter arguments regarding bottled water preferences. Universities students who hold positive perceptions see bottled water as a healthy diet and lifestyle choice, for them bottled water is part of life and walking around campus one can clearly see people holding water bottles. They drink because of positive perceptions regarding taste, quality and convenience (Battle of Water bottle, 2000; Devasenathipathi et al, 2008; Jemmott, 2008; Pip, 2000; Rosa, 2004; World Watch Institute, 2007; Zhao, 2006). They said that every story has two sides to it and because in the developed world tap water is filtered there is a long debate over Bottled Water versus Tap Water. Some students also see bottled water as a waste of precious water resources, a source of plastic poisoning and a drain on the environment. They question its purity and whether it is safe to drink or not. (Bottled Water vs. Tap Water, 2008; 2000, No Bottled Water at University, 2009; Rosemann, 2005; The Battle of Bottle). Both these positive and negative perceptions determine the sales of bottled water domestically and abroad. As discussed above there are different perspectives to Bottled water around the world from general consumer preferences to University students consumption preferences. Therefore, it was our endeavor to find out Students perceptions about Bottled Water in Karachi. What effects their purchase decisions and how and why they choose to or not to drink Bottled water. Data Analysis Findings Monthly Household Income of the respondents of both universities; BAHRIA and Karachi University Aforementioned figures shows that who used bottled water, majority of the BAHIRIAs students have had their monthly income more than Rs.60,000, whereas 28 students household income was Rs.40,000 to Rs.60,000. In addition to that only 2 students those household incomes was under Rs.20,000. While majority students of KU have had their household income in between of Rs20,000 to Rs.40,000. However, only 10 students those household incomes were over Rs. 60,000. 3.2 Residential Area of Students of BAHRI and KU Out of the 18 towns of Karachi, Our research incorporated respondents from 11 towns of Karachi. Figure 3.2(a) explained that the most of the inhabitants of Gulshan town were consuming mineral water than any other type of water. Whereas figure 3.2(b) shows that the most of the inhabitants of Gulshan town were consuming mineral water than any other type of water. 3.3 Type of water were being used by students for daily drinking purpose Above figure 3.3(a) shows that there were huge differences in the responses of the students of university BAHRIA and KU. In figure 3.3(a) shows that in BAHRIA, among 100 interviewed students 57% were the daily users of mineral water, whereas 21% were the users of filtered water, 15% were boiled tap water and only handful amount of students 7% were the users of tap water. On the contrary, figure 3.3(b) shows that among the 100 students of KU, majority 54% were the users of boiled tap water. However, 20% were the users of tap water, 18% were the users of Mineral Water and only small chunk were the users of filtered water. Thus, it is extensively noticeable that the majority of the students of BAHRIA were the users of mineral water comparative to KU. 3.4 Reasons behind drinking particular type of water As per above figure 3.4(a), among the 100 students of BAHRIA, 44% thought that the reliability plays vital role while using particular type of water and 35% were in view of easy access and 21% students preferred to cite their own factors namely hygiene and price. In figure 3.4(b), however, 54% from 100 students of KU believed that easy access is important factor for them rather than reliability. Hence only 46% students marked their answers for reliability. Therefore, there is visible difference between the views of BAHRIAs students and KUs students. For BAHRIANS reliability was the main reason for using particular type of water but for KU students easy access was the foremost reason. 3.5 Top of Mind brands of Bottled water Figure 3.5(a) shows that from 100 students of BAHRIA; Nestle mineral water was the top of mind. Addition to that 80% students recalled Nestle water when they were asked the name of first brand came to their mind. Moreover, only 13% students were recalled Aquafina as their top of mind brand and only 7% students had top of mind awareness of Culligan. In other mentioned brands 42% students recalled Aquafina and 17% for Nestle and 16% Culligan. In figure 3.5(b) 68% students of KU had an awareness of Nestle as their top of mind brand and 27% students recalled Aquafina as their top of mind of brand. In other mentioned brands 33% students marked Aquafina in other mentioned brands, 18% 17% students marked Nestle and Culligan respectively. Hence, it is widely visible that the BAHRIANS has more top of mind awareness of Nestle comparative to KU students. As far as other mentioned brands are concerned Aquafina was being marked after than Nestle by both universities students. 3.6 Frequency of using bottled water among students In figure 3.6(a) out of 100 students of BAHRIA 14% students who were consuming bottled water several times in a day. Moreover, 32% students consumed bottled water at least once in a day, 36% were consuming more than once in a week and 16% students who were consuming bottled water once a week. There were small chunk of students who consumed bottled water less than once a week. However, figure 3.6(b) shows that in KU out of 100 students only 6% of students were consuming bottled water several times in a day. 22% students were consuming at least once daily, 17% students consumed bottled water more than once in a week, and 10% students consuming once a week, 12% students were consuming less than once a week and 33% students were consuming bottled water once a month or less. Therefore, the students of BAHRIA consumed more bottled water than KU students. Similarly, the frequency of consumption of bottled water of BAHRIANS was far more ahead than KU students. Though the respondents of KU belonged to Food and Sciences department yet their frequency of consumption is less than BAHRIANS. However, in KU 33% students marked their answers of consuming water in a month or less, on the contrary there wasnt a single respondent in BAHRIA, whose consumption of bottled water was as lowest as KU students. Aforementioned figures show that the students of BAHRIA were more attracted towards bottled water than KU students. As far as gender was concerned Females were more inclined towards using of bottled water than male; in both universities. 3.7 Size of bottles preferred by students In figure 3.7(a) majority of the students of BAHRIA purchased bottled water from university Cafe and the size of the bottle was 0.5 litre because on the other hand students were in view that the they purchased 1.5 liter or larger than this quantity rather preferred to purchase from shop. As far as figure 3.7(b) is concerned that the students of KU whosoever consumed bottled water they had preferred to purchase from university cafe of 0.5 liter and preferred larger quantity of bottled water from nearby shop of their respective homes. Thus, there is not visible difference because 0.5liter was sufficient for them to consume at university as compared to other sizes of bottled water in both of the universities. 3.8 The most important factors towards buying of bottled water Figure 3.8(a) shows that in BAHRIA 61% students thought of availability was the most important factor for purchasing bottled water, 16% students were in view of Price is the most important for purchasing bottled water, 12% students for promotion and only 9% students thought that they were attracted by the packaging of bottled water. On the contrary, figure 3.8(b) in KU 44% students were in view that availability was the most important factor for purchasing bottled water, 35% students were price conscious, 12% and 9% students were being attracted by promotion and Packaging respectively. Therefore, Price for BAHRIANS is least issue than KU students because only 16% students from 100 students in BAHRIA were considering price, whereas 35% students of KU had the influencing factor of price. Reasons behind influencing factors towards the purchase of bottled water Majority of respondents believed that availability is the major factor for influencing the purchase of bottled water. Moreover, respondents believed that out of mind, is out of sight so being on the shelves of shop would have much influence on the purc

Importance of Confidentiality and Ethics in Healthcare

Importance of Confidentiality and Ethics in Healthcare Sara Lan Case Three Confidentiality protection is an essential component of a patient-physician relationship. Only in a setting of trust can patients feel comfortable sharing personal feelings and sensitive information regarding their health with their health care providers. Having access to confidential health services is especially important when the patients are adolescents. This is particularly because the medical care needs of adolescents can often conflict with the opinions and values of their family members. Therefore, adolescents are less likely to seek medical treatment if they fear that the information they share with their medical care providers might be disclosed to their families. On the other hand, this fear may also cause adolescents to withhold certain information from medical professionals which can create problems in providing accurate diagnoses. Thus, medical care providers should do everything they can to respect adolescent patients’ confidentiality unless the patients are at significant risk of harming themselves or others. Confidentiality is linked in to several bioethical principles, including the principle of respect for patient autonomy, the principle of beneficence, and the principle of nonmaleficence. Within bioethics, the principle of respect for patient autonomy is usually associated with allowing informed and competent patients to make their own choices regarding their medical treatments (15). Meanwhile, confidentiality is respecting a patient’s right to control the information relating to his or her own health. While these concepts generally refer to adult patients, adolescents of Bill’s age are presumed competent to make medical choices for themselves. Unless the law requires otherwise, a competent minor can consent to medical care without involving the patient’s parents. In this particular case, Bill has good reasons for his reluctance to disclose the information that he has shared with the medical team to his parents. Bill mentions that his parents have explicitly expressed their views against same sex marriages and negative opinions about gays and lesbians. Therefore, in respecting Bill’s confidentiality and keeping information about Billâ€℠¢s sexual orientation a secret, the medical team is acting beneficently. At the same time, disclosing the information to Bill’s parents presents the potential for harm. For instance, Bill may face rejection from his parents as a result and this may cause his depression to worsen. Thus, maintaining confidentiality can also be seen as acting in the principle of nonmaleficence. Concerns with regards to Bill’s competency may arise due to his past suicide attempt. In cases involving minors who do not have the capacity to make their own health care decisions, parents are generally the default surrogate-decision makers (94). Consequently, some people may argue that Bill’s medical decisions should be determined by his parents. Furthermore, by invoking the best interest standard, they might add that knowing all relevant information is necessary in determining what treatments are most beneficial for Bill. This can be justified if Bill is deemed incapable of making his own medical decisions then his parents may need to know about the causes of his depression in order to decide what specific types of medical treatments he needs. However, based on the sliding scale model of competency, I argue that Bill does in fact have the competency required to make his own health care choices. According to the sliding scale of competency, medical treatments that are highly beneficial with relatively small risks require a low level of competency to provide informed consent (90). Bill’s treatment plan fits into this category quite well. Furthermore, due to the highly therapeutic nature of these types of treatments, a presumption of competency holds when a patient agrees to treatment because the patient is making a rational choice (90). Although Bill’s competence may be questioned again when medical treatments involving higher risks are involved, he is still capable of making his own decisions about the treatment plan that is offered to him at the moment. While it is important to respect a patient’s autonomy and confidentiality, the medical team should still encourage conversation between adolescents and their parents. When an illness strikes a member in the family, it not only affects the patient, but also the patient’s family as a whole. For that reason, in â€Å"Bioethics for Clinicians: Involving Children in Medical Decisions†, the writers proposed a family-centred approach which takes into consideration the burdens and the benefits for all family members, as well as their responsibilities toward each other (93). Since family members can provide much-needed support during the patient’s illness, medical care providers should always encourage communication between a minor and his or her parents. If Bill agrees to it, the medical team can speak to his parents about his treatment plan in more general terms. For instance, adolescence can generally be a difficult time for many people. Being the transition sta ge between childhood and adulthood, there are unique challenges and struggles that exist in this stage of life such as developing a personal identity. Therefore, it is not uncommon for adolescents to seek therapy and counselling for one reason or another. For the same reasons, schools also have counsellors to guide and help adolescents deal with these issues in life. By framing Bill’s treatment plan in this way, the medical team is able to provide a way for Bill to communicate and obtain support from his parents while he undergoes treatments without disclosing Bill’s secret. It may be objected that withholding information from Bill’s parents is the same as lying. This objection is understandable since certain information does in fact have to be withheld when discussing Bill’s treatment plan with his parents as a means to protect Bill’s confidentiality. Nevertheless, the motivations behind lying and moral acts of withholding information are fundamentally different. For this reason, I argue that lying and moral acts of omission should not be viewed as equal. In â€Å"When Self-Determination Runs Amok†, author Daniel Callahan also speaks of the moral differences associated with â€Å"stopping life-sustaining treatments† with informed consent and â€Å"active forms of killing, such as a lethal injection† (345). Clearly, lying and active forms of killing are motivated by maleficence. Other the other hand, stopping life-sustaining treatments with informed consent and moral acts of withholding information are based on m edical professional duties. Ultimately, should the medical team lie to protect Bill’s confidentiality? The answer is no. Under no circumstances should the medical care providers lie. After all, no one would be willing place their health and well-being in the hands of medical professionals who are capable of dishonesty. Meanwhile, moral acts of omission are justifiable when disclosing full informationwill very likely cause predictable harm. Generally, people find the latter to be acceptable. If Bill’s depression does not improve with treatment and he is at significant risk of harming himself again, confidentiality may be justifiably breached. The medical should convey their intention to breach confidentiality to Bill before notifying his parents of his risk of harm to himself. However, it should be noted that it is not appropriate for the medical team to disclose information about Bill’s orientation if he does not wish for that information to be disclosed. It may take years before Bill feels comfortable sharing this information with his parents. Ultimately it is up to Bill to decide when he is ready. For the time being, the medical team’s role is to encourage a healthy support network between Bill and his family as well as to ensure that Bill has a confidential environment for his health care needs. Works Cited Gedge, Elisabeth (Boetzkes), and Wilfrid J. Waluchow. Eds. Readings in Health Care Ethics. 2nd ed. Peterborough: Broadview, 2012. Print.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry :: essays research papers

In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, Huck considers himself to be an ignorant fool, and an over all bad person that should be looked down upon. However, through out his story, without ever realizing it, Huck manages to live through many incredible advetures, and commit unselfish acts that would consider him to be a true hero. It could even be taken to the extent that Huck Finn lived a more down to earth version of Homer ¡Ã‚ ¯s Odyssey. After all, they are both stories of a reliable person going through the biggest adventures of their lives, while facing certain types of monsters, while using their cleverness in order to escape many obstacles. Tho only main difference in this is the fact that while Odysseus faced more mythical challenges, Huck braved through the challenges of his modern society, and the types of people in it. But even so, one could easily say that Huckleberry Finn made almost the exact same journey as Odysseus, with a slightly modern twist added to it. To start, both characters have reasonings behind their journeys as to why they start it. Odysseus began his sea bound adventure because of the fact that he was allowed his freedom from Calypso, who has been holding him captive in hopes of turning him into her husband. So Odysseus is allowed to set sail back to his homeland. Huck set out his adventure because he was attempting to escape from his drunken Pap, who was holding him captive in order to get money. Huck manages to escape on a raft, and set sail. At the end of Huck ¡Ã‚ ¯s adventure, he does in fact end up in what will be his home. The two scenario ¡Ã‚ ¯s are similar for many reasons. For example, both Huck and Odysseus are being held captive for one reason or another. Calypso wanting Odysseus for a husband is just like Pap wanting Huck for his money. To add on to this point, both of them manage to escape throught the use of a raft. The only difference there is the fact that Odysseus is setting sail through the seas, while Huck takes on his adventure through the Mississsippi River. Next in comparison between the two stories would be the use of monsters ¡Ã‚ ± used throught out the adventures. In The Odyssey, Odysseus is forced into fights and challenges that largely deal with monsters, such as the Cyclops, which is a giant, single red eyed beast with the body of a human.

Feminism Essay -- Rights Equality Gender Essays

Feminism Works Cited Missing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feminism is the theory that men and women should be equal, politically, economically, and socially. There are many different types of feminism and each have a profound impact on someone’s view of society. The first is cultural feminism, which is the theory that there are fundamental personality differences between men and women, and that women’s differences are special. This theory supports the idea that there are biological differences between men and women and sexism can be overcome by embracing the â€Å"women’s way.† The second type is individualist or libertarian feminist. This feminism is based upon libertarian philosophies, with the focus on autonomy, rights, liberty, independence, and diversity. Next, there is the radical feminism; this theory began approximately during the 1967 – 1975. This ideology focuses on social change, and â€Å"attempts to draw lines between biologically – determined behavior and culturall y- determined behavior† in order to free both men and women as much as possible from their previous narrow gender roles. Finally, there is the Liberal Feminism, this theory focuses on the idea that all people are created equal and that education is the primary means to change discrimination. Groups in favor of this theory are the N.A.C. – the National Action Committee on the Status of Woman, an organization representing 500 feminist oriented women’s groups, and the N.O.W. – the National Organization of Women. Both of these organizations and Feminism as a whole are and have been influential on the national government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many political groups or ideologies attack feminist ideas. Zillah R. Einstein’s book, Feminism and Sexual Equality focuses on the importance of feminist theories and its attackers. The primary two political groups that have taken a stand against Feminism are â€Å"The New Right† and â€Å"Neoconservatives.† The New Right feels that the welfare state is undermining the â€Å"traditional patriarchal family.† The state has taken over certain family functions such as the health, welfare and education of its citizens. Jerry Falwell, supporter of the New Right and head of the Moral Majority, argues that â€Å"in order to revitalize the capitalist economy, and create a moral order, and strengthen America at home and abroad, policy makers must aim to reestablish the dominance of the traditional white patriarchal family... ...en. The women’s movement has been an important means to of empowerment to women. It is through organizing and joining women’s groups that many women have become aware of their oppression and have sought ways to gain control of their lives. Not only are women shunned from the workplace, but also many believe that they have no business in politics either.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the book, The Women’s Movement, issues like women’s political participation and their membership to the workforce are discussed. Women have made critical improvements to their circumstances in life, be it there careers, political position, or even military involvement. Men primarily run the government that has authority over both males and females. Therefore it is necessary for the election of women into office to be the means of achiving the public policies that are consistent with the preferences of women (Gimlin, 1981). It is assumed that women office holders are better at representing women’s interests on a variety of issues, especially ones that directly affect women. Women are concerned with issues such as childcare, welfare, healthcare, and the care for the elderly. This is largely because women bear more of the

How Successful Were Immigration Schemes in the British, French and Spanish Territories

How successful were immigration schemes in the British, French and Spanish territories? After the emancipation of the slaves, it was very difficult for planters to obtain a successful labor force. There were not enough people to work on the plantations and also planters found it difficult to control their remaining labor. As a result planters were at a loss. Immigration was introduced in the hope of fixing the labor problems of the planters. Although some colonies flourished, others failed horribly. There were three main territories in that era. The British territory used many schemes.They used the European, Portuguese, African, Chinese and Indian schemes. First was the European scheme. European labor was imported chiefly by the British colony Jamaica in order to increase its white population as well as providing plantation labor at the same time. Robert Greenwood and Shirley Hamber state that â€Å"between 1834 and 1838, thousands of Scots, Irish and a few hundred Germans came to J amaica. † However that scheme failed tremendously as most Europeans died because the lacked immunity to tropical diseases and others refused to work when they saw what they had to do and understood that it was the work of blacks.Even so, the Jamaican government tried this scheme again in 1841, importing more whites from Britain. Yet again, the scheme failed as most Europeans died n others asked to be repatriated. Finally the governments were convinced that labor from northern Europe was a hopeless prospect. Secondly, the British territory used the Madeiran scheme. It began in Madeira which is a Portuguese island in the Atlantic off the coast of morocco. Greenwood and Hamber state â€Å"that these laborers were paid 3 to 4 pence a day and were attracted to higher wages and prospects in the West Indies. The importations of the Mandeiran people began in 1835, but were suspended in 1839 because the British government was examining the conduct and morality of the schemes. The sche me began again in 1841 on an official basis where large numbers went to British Guiana until 1848 when the scheme was suspended again. It resumed in 1850 but not on a large scale. Mandeiran immigration lasted from 1835-1882 with a total of 36,000 immigrants to the B. W. I. It was an unsatisfactory scheme as it was irregular, it had a high death-rate of new arrivals and most Mandeirans especially in British Guiana went into trading as soon as possible.Thirdly was the African immigration scheme. In 1841, importation of Africans from Sierra Leone, the Kru coast, St. Helena and those rescued from slave ships began. The scheme lasted from 1841-1862. It was very popular at first but declined after the 1850s mainly for two reasons. The first reason was because chartered ships were used to carry the emigrants from Africa which made them think it was slavery all over again. The second reason was because the agents in West Africa undoubtedly lured the Africans with false promises of money and land.As soon as news of the conditions of the West Indies leaked back, it was hard to attract the Africans. Fourthly was the Chinese immigration scheme. At first it was difficult to attract Chinese immigrants to the B. W. I. for example when Trinidad attempted to import some Chinese, few arrived and they either refused to work or were unsuitable. A large scale of Chinese immigration began in 1852 from the Portuguese colony of Macao. These immigrants were only male convicts or prisoners of war. Therefore in 1859 a family immigration scheme was started.By having Chinese women immigrants less jealousy arose on the plantations. This scheme was more successful however, there was deception caused by agents in false promises about repatriation and also the nature of work. Moreover, Chinese immigrants were small farmers and market gardeners, not plantation workers. This scheme suffered many problems for example since china was not a British colony, the British government could only try to persuade the Chinese government to allow emigration. Finally was the Indian immigration scheme.The year 1838 was the arrival date of Indians to the B. W. I however, it was suspended by the Indian government in the same year because of ill-treatment of the Indians and also Indians were not being paid the promised wages. This scheme resumed in 1844 and lasted until 1917. This scheme was generally successful throughout the B. W. I because Indians were a cheap source of labor and were able to adapt to plantation life well. The French also tried to meet their labor needs. They used the immigration schemes of Regional, Europeans and Indian.First they tried regional immigration. Rosamunde Renard shared the view that â€Å"among the first immigrant workers introduced in Guadeloupe were those brought from the British West Indies (B. W. I). Approximately, they imported eighty Madeiran and seventy blacks from the British colonies. However, this immigration attempt was failed because that was a bad set of laborers. They also tried the European immigration scheme. Rosamunde Renard states that â€Å"the governor general of Martinique allocated a fund of 100,000 francs to facilitate European immigration to the colonies. The government prepared themselves to support European immigration at the rate of 250 francs per adult and 150 francs per child. Even so, this scheme was not successful at the end because Europeans contracted diseases easily and planters argued that they were not fit for plantation work. Contrary to that, planters argued that European immigration had two positive effects; it brought the native workers back to the plantations and also brought down wages. Finally they tried Indian immigration schemes.Indians were a good source of labor and Martinique and Guadeloupe showed high demands for this scheme. However the French were faced with problems. Since Indians were controlled through the British it was difficult acquire such a labor force. Moreover French plan ters argued that priority was always given to the British recruiters and they got inferior immigrant laborers. It was also argued that Indian immigration was seen as a vital part to the recovery of the French West Indies. The final territory was that of the Spanish.They used the African, Chinese, European immigration scheme. First was the African scheme. It was a source of inexpensive labor. However, this scheme was done illegally because they used slaves. They sent illegal Africans to Havana. This scheme did not last long. Africans grew resistant to work. Moreover, they used the Chinese immigration scheme. One can argue that this is what they are most notorious for. Chinese immigration was another source of cheap labor. The first Chinese contract workers were brought to Cuba in June, 1847.After the group arrived, the scheme was suspended for six years due to international prospects and other difficulties. Mary Turner states that between 1847 and 1874, a period conceding with 10 yea rs of the transatlantic slave trade, 125,000 Chinese were landed in Cuba. Their contracts were offered for sale. Chinese workers were contracted for eight years for about four (4) pesos a month for men and three (3) pesos a month for women. Even so, the scheme failed because the laborers were un-disciplined because of desertion and absenteeism.Furthermore they used the European immigration scheme. Lucia Lamounier states that â€Å"white immigration was first sought mainly to counteract the growing black slave population. † There were expectations that Europeans settlers were to become industrious, independent small landholders, providing a racial balance and political stability. However, the European immigrants were expensive and were unsuitable for plantation work. When Europeans noticed that methods used on plantations were like that of slavery, they refused to work. As a result this scheme was unsuccessful.In conclusion the immigration schemes used by all three territories was not entirely successful because not every scheme for each territory occurred without having any serious problems in which the planters could recover easily from. As a result, immigration was successful to a certain extent. Bibliography Hilary Beckles, Verone Shepherd, Caribbean freedom economy and society from emancipation from the past to present, London J: Curry publishers1993 Robert Greenwood, Shirley Hamber, emancipation to emigration book 2, Macmillan publishers limited 2003.Lucia Lamounier- Between Slavery and Free labor: Early experiments with free labor and Patterns of Slave Emancipation in Brazil and Cuba In Mary turner (Ed) – From Chattel slaves to Wage Slaves: the Dynamics of labor bargaining in the Americas. Rosamunde Renard: Immigration and the indenture ship in the French West Indies, 1848-1870 In Hilary Beckles, Verone Shepherd, Caribbean freedom economy and society from emancipation from the past to present, London J: Curry publishers1993