The Value of Diversity - 603 Words

1. There are a number of different methods of teaching employees about the value of diversity. Elmore (1997) suggests that we undertake activities that cause us to evaluate ourselves both as individuals and as members of a group. Additionally, exercises that highlight the negativity that stereotyping and discrimination brings can be valuable. Elmore also suggests that we examine both the similarities and differences in people. Workshops can help because they encourage interaction on a human level, so that some of these lessons need not be overtly explained until the end. This strategy will allow for growth and learning both during the exercise and afterwards as well. 2. Alkhalifa (2008) notes that limited perception occurs when reception mechanisms in the brain place a limit on the amount of information that is received. When applied to other people, it results in us seeing those other people in an incomplete way, and sometimes filling in the unseen aspects with shorthand like stereotypes. Often, when we have a limited perception of another person, we received a distorted view of that persons traits and abilities. In many instances, the perception that we have is inaccurate. As we interact more with that person, we may have a greater opportunity for our brains to make evaluations, and with this greater processing our perceptions of the person become less limited and more accurate. 3. It is important to have employees that are diversity conscious in order to ensure aShow MoreRelatedValue of Diversity Paper1213 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: VALUE OF DIVERSITY PAPER Value of Diversity Paper Cultural Diversity SOC/315 Value of Diversity in the Workplace In companies or corporations the global landscape now reflects diversity in the employees found in the workplace. Employees come from different backgrounds, geographic or global areas, ethnic and cultural origins, and have unique skills and talents. Individuals must work together and merge skills and manage diversity effectively in the workplace. Our thoughts, actionsRead MoreEssay on The Value of Diversity522 Words   |  3 Pages Diversity, as it relates to thoughts, ideas, ethnicity, race, and a host of other areas, is the quintessential ingredient needed to establish a free nation. Amendment I of the United States Constitution states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Through thisRead MoreAn Organization Of Values Diversity1656 Words   |  7 PagesAn organisation that values diversity will gain a positive reputation, the way it’s seen by potential employees and organisations. Valuing diversity can attract candidates it shows an organisation practises employment discrimination; in line with the Equality Act 2010 protecting employees against discrimination, race, age, gender, ethnicity, disability, religion or sexuality. If a company wishes to expand worldwide, a diverse workforce can improve communication between countries that they may wishRead MoreDiversity, Values, And Beliefs1920 Words   |  8 PagesMelissa Rahorst CRIM 406 20170419 Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs Equal Opportunity Leaders Course (EOLC) is a course that focuses on giving soldiers a voice. EOLC teaches noncommissioned officers and officers to empower even the lowest ranking soldier to speak up if they are being discriminated against based on the six categories of discrimination. Throughout this course, I learned many valuable lessons, but the most important exercise we did was called the badge exercise. During this exerciseRead MoreThe Value of Diversity in the Workplace Essay808 Words   |  4 Pagescustomers for which they serve while determining the needs of these customers. This business process makes diversity a crucial part of a companys growth and operation. Hiring and retaining employees with diverse backgrounds to meet the demands of the global marketplace is the first step to meeting these challenges. Companies like EBS PaineWebber (Grano, 1999) have committed themselves to diversity so that they can establish themselves as a diverse organization ready to meet the needs of a diverse groupRead MoreThe Value Of Diversity Within The Workplace1163 Words   |  5 PagesThe Value of Diversity in the Workplace Globalization sets the perfect environment to develop diversity in the workplace. This new society, in which we are currently living, has created a new workforce that is based on its diversity that can greatly help with any business development and growth. In business, diversity brings opportunities to grow, expand and reach out to other markets by utilizing the values, ideas and the diverse skills that people from many different backgrounds have to offer.Read MoreThe Value Of Diversity At Washburn University1254 Words   |  6 Pages Washburn University has always been proud of having diversity since it first opened its doors to the public 151 years ago. If you are to look around campus many are able to see how much diversity is valued by the campus as a whole, they know everyone is different and each person has their own story to tell. If a university made it where no one is allowed to talk about where they came before and how they ended up where they are in life. what is the poi nt of being proud of who you are? For me, itRead MoreAsian Values And Cultural Diversity2375 Words   |  10 Pagesterm Asian Values has various definitions. Generally, the phrase alludes to influences from Confucianism in particular, filial piety or loyalty towards the family, corporation, and nation; the forgoing of personal freedom for the sake of society s stability and prosperity; the pursuit of academic and technological excellence; and, a strong work ethic together with thrift. Proponents of so-called Asian values, who tend to support Asian style authoritarian governments claim these values are moreRead MoreThe Diversity Of Diversity, Values, And Perceptions Of Different Communities And Cultures Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the SJSU Communication Studies department, â€Å"Diversity explores the variety and complexity of communication efforts to shape beliefs, values, and perceptions in different communities and cultures.† Diversity is one of the four major cornerstones in the department, and although each and every cornerstone speaks to me, diversity is critical to me because it is what made me who I am today. I was born and raised in one of the most diverse places in the country, the San Francisco Bay AreaRead MoreThe Value Of Ethical Conduct And Managing Diversity Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Issue: The Value of Ethical Conduct and Managing Diversity Review of Subject This essay explores what Organizational Behavior (OB) is and the value of ethical conduct, and discusses the methods of managing diversity taking into consideration socializing and organization culture. OB is a study of the people in organization, about how they work, and how they produce results. Organizational ethical conducts are those morally accepted by the employees, the customers, and the public. It could

William Faulkners Race Essay - 1358 Words

William Faulkners Race Works Cited Missing William Faulkner, the eldest son to parents Murry and Maud Butler Falkner, was born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897. Although Faulkner was not a keen student in high school, which eventually lead to his dropping out before graduation, he was very enthusiastic about undirected learning. After years of studying independently, Faulkner allowed a friend of his family, Phil Stone, to assist him with his academic vocation. This relationship inspired Faulkner and after a short period spent with the Royal Air Force in 1918 he decided to go to university where he began writing and publishing poetry. In 1924 Stone’s financial assistance helped Faulkner publish a†¦show more content†¦Oxford provided Faulkner with intimate access to the rich character of the rural south which was conscious of its past and separated from the urban-industrial mainstream that Faulkner found very distracting. He wanted to accurately portray life in the south and he â€Å"could not have done other wise than to include Blacks among the people who inhabit the lands of his novels†(Glissant, pp. 56). Faulkner did not pretend to understand the suffering and complexity of the lives of the black community but, because he grew up witnessing their struggle he was able to represent them in an honest and sometimes brutal fashion. He spent his whole life in the south and, â€Å"Blacks lived there †¦ They were servants in the Falkner family or perhaps workers for the railroad company founded by his great grand-father. They were surely mule drivers or farm laborers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Urgo and Abadie, pp. 137). It is difficult to say whether or not Faulkner felt sympathy for these people but it is clear through Faulkner’s writing that he believed their story needed to be told. It is easy to understand why Faulkner included Black characters in his novels, however, the question of how he portrays them still remains. In 1929, inspired by the unavoidable racial intermingling occurring in the south at this time, Faulkner produced one of his greatest works, The Sound and The Fury. In the fourthShow MoreRelatedRace Relations and Environmental Destruction in William Faulkners Go Down, Moses 835 Words   |  3 Pagescontinues with an insatiable hunger to rule over other human beings. William Faulkner, in his novel Go Down, Moses, explores the racial tensions and disastrous environmental results that arose in the South when humankind, believing in this lie, tried to dominate and capitalize off nature and its fellow man. Faulkner attributes the decline of the American South to its economic exploitations and its racial oppression. In â€Å"Touching Race in Go Down, Moses† John T. Matthews argues that these two elementsRead More William Faulkner Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pages William Faulkner nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;William Faulkner is one of Americas most talked about writers and his work should be included in any literary canon for several reasons. After reading a few of his short stories, it becomes clear that Faulkners works have uniqueness to them. One of the qualities that make William Faulkners writings different is his close connection with the South. Gwendolyn Charbnier states, Besides the sociological factors that influence Faulkners work, biographicalRead MoreEssay about William Faulkner1303 Words   |  6 Pages William Faulkner nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Although leading the life of an educated writer William Culbert Faulkner experienced the times of his life as a Hollywood writer. Probably known as the most famous writer/author of his time Faulkner adapted to his new lifestyles rapidly, and still remained well known in both the movie and book industries. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Faulkner was born September 25, 1897 in New Albany, Mississippi. His named was inherited from his grandfather WilliamRead More Race, gender and class in Faulkners Literature Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s short story A Rose for Emily depicts the need for a hierarchy by which to rank and organize individuals by merit of their importance. Class, gender and race each play a vital role in determining the interactions of Jefferson’s residents. Notably, these issues affect how Emily Grierson, Homer Barron, and Emily’s Negro servant Tobe are treated by the townspeople, as well as their behavior. Together race, gender and class portray and define the characters for who they are and actRead MoreEssay about Faulkners Condemnation of the South in Absalom, Absalom1353 Words   |  6 PagesFaulkners Condemnation of the South in Absalom, Absalom       William Faulkner came from an old, proud, and distinguished Mississippi family, which included a governor, a colonel in the Confederate army, and notable business pioneers.   Through his experiences from growing up in the old South, Faulkner has been able to express the values of the South through his characters. William Faulkners Absalom, Absalom offers a strong condemnation of the mores and morals of theRead MoreIntruder in the Dust806 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Faulkner’s novel, Intruder in the Dust, racism at the beginning of the civil rights movement is a key theme. During this time period in the South, people were expected to behave a certain way towards those whose skin was different form their own. However, in this novel, William Faulkner defies the norm by creating friendships between those of opposing races. The friendships between Charles Mallison and Lucas Beauchamp, Miss Eunice Habersham and Molly Beauchamp, and Charles Mallison andRead MoreThe Past Is Not Dead Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe Past is NOT Dead Octavia E. Butler’s Kindred is a novel that perfectly channels the mean of William Faulkner s claim that the past is not dead; it s not even past.† To me this quote basically means that the past cannot become the past because events keep repeating throughout history. This quote is shown to us through Butler drawing upon the history of transatlantic slavery to illustrate certain ideas and behaviors that are seen throughout time. These ideas and behaviors are specifically seenRead More Crossing the Line in Faulkners Barn Burning Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesCrossing the Line in Faulkners Barn Burning   Ã‚  Ã‚   The American author Joyce Carol Oats, in her Master Race, wrote that our enemy is by tradition our savior (Oats 28).   Oats recognized that we often learn more from our enemy than from ourselves.   Whether the enemy is another warring nation, a more prolific writer, or even the person next door, we often can ascertain a tremendous amount of knowledge by studying that opposite party.   In the same way, literature has always striven to provide anRead More The Other Victim in William Faulkner’s Dry September Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Other Victim in William Faulkner’s Dry September William Faulkner’s short story Dry September deals with a lynching of a black man, Will Mayes, wrongly accused of attacking a white woman, Minnie Cooper. But Mayes is not the only victim in this short story. Minnie Cooper is also a victim in Dry September. Minnie is as much a victim of the social standards and practices of southern society as Willie Mayes is. While Dry September may seem to be just a story about how a black man is wronglyRead MoreUnderstanding Faulkner s Madness By William Faulkner1385 Words   |  6 PagesUnderstanding Faulkner’s Madness William Faulkner s â€Å" A Rose for Emily † illustrates the extremes that someone may be driven to in the face of the â€Å" loveless † life that Miss Emily’s father created for her by driving away all the potential suitors. The major and minor events in the story help develop the plot idea that in the progress from an aristocratic but romanticized past to a more egalitarian present and future. Emily represents the standards and attitudes of the old south, and her inability

Electrical Distribution System

Question: Discuss about the Report for Electrical Distribution System. Answer: 1 Give a critical analysis of why the ships Low Voltage (LV) power electrical distribution system is of the Insulated neutral type The major requirement ashore is the safety for human. The priority onboard is not at all the safety of the machinery, but the priority is to keep the essential machinery in continuous operation. If because of any earth fault, any of the essential components stops working there are a heavy chances of collision, fire or grounding of the ship. Hence, to avoid such instances insulated neutral type system is used. When using earthed distribution system, if earth fault occurs, it may lead to short circuit across the ship and will blow up the fuses. This short circuit takes place because of double break insulation which allows the connection of the conductors. As these conductors are connected, a very high current flows through which by-passes the loads. In earthed distribution system, only one earth fault is enough to create a hazardous situation. Whereas, in Insulated neutral system, if one earth fault occurs, this will not affect the operation of the circuit and the machinery will operate continuously. If second earth fault takes place, then these two cumulative will result in short circuit and then the process will stop. Thus, two earth faults will be required in Insulated neutral type system to create any such destruction which doesnt happen most likely. It can be concluded that Insulated neutral type system is more effective when compared with any other system. This is reason why Insulated neutral type system is preferred over earthed distribution system. 2 evaluate the importance of programmable logic controllers PLCs to the machinery control and monitoring systems on-board modern tonnage. The machinery control and monitoring system which was previously used onboard doesnt possess the extensive I/O arrangements which are the essential requirement of the current days. The current PLC (Programmable logic controller) gives the access to the programmer to develop and make changes according to the situation. The uses of actuators and sensors have evolved in the recent past just because of the use of PLCs. The PLCs operates the magnetic relay/solenoids, hydraulic cylinders and also the electric motors. The previously used machinery and monitoring system uses the form of instruction list programming which was based on the stack-based logic solver in which the difficultly level of tracking circuit problem was immense. However, after the arrival of PLCs this problem have been eradicated completely. The PLCs uses a simple ladder logic which appears as simple electric circuit diagram. Almost all the operations onboard are done using PLCs. These include processing power, storage, data handing, motion control, sequential relay control which are still evolving day by day. The second importance of PLCs are that it can be armored in extreme conditions too; like, cold, heat, dirt and moisture whereas this is not feasible when we talk about machinery control monitoring system. The PLCs used onboard are different when compared to other PLCs which are used for production purposes or light work. Very high precision PLCs are incorporated within the mechanism of the ship so that there are no any chances of any damage. They are highly customized in order to be operated efficiently and accurately. Any error in the PLC will lead to severe destruction to the system as well as the human present within the system. The next is the cost at which it replaces the other mechanism. PLCs are very economical when compared with the machinery and monitoring system. 3 explain how the electrical power is maintained to the vessels essential operating services if the total generating capacity of the power plant is suddenly reduced, for example by the loss of one of the diesel generators. There are various situations in which the supply from the power plant is suddenly reduced; however this doesnt affect the operation of the vessel. Let us consider the situation of loosing of one generator. As we know that generator is considered to be the heart of the electrical design, it is quite evident that loss if single generator should have also affected the operation of the vessels operation. The generators possess the ability to work on its own and can manage the large system loads swings. There should always be special consideration for the additional operations which might occur suddenly. As per the International maritime regulation, at least two of the generators are required for the electrical power system. Out of which one is driven from the propeller shaft and for the other one, it must have its own prime mover. Considering this situation if one is driven from the shaft of the propeller and the other fails, then this will make the ship non-compliant according to the International regulation. Therefore, in almost all ships the owner opts for three generators. Out of which one will be used for the normal sea load and the other two will be kept as reserve and on standby mode for any uneven fluctuation of loads or any specific maintenance work. As the generator fails, it automatically actuates the standby generator and the electricity is supplied. As the frequency and the voltage are settled, the electricity is supplied to the necessary equipment and machinery one after another. Further, if this standby generator fails to start because of any constraint such as not settling the frequency and voltage, the emergency generator starts up and provides the required power to the machineries. 4 0.5 kg of ice at -5 oC is put into a vessel containing 2 kg of water at 15oC and mixed together, the result being a mixture of ice and water at 0oC. Calculate the final masses of ice and water, taking the water equivalent of the vessel as 0.15 kg. The specific heat of ice is 2.04 kJ/kg K and the latent heat of fusion is 335 kJ/kg. m1=2kg the initial mass of water t1=15C the initial water temperature m2=0.5kg the mass of added ice t2=5C the temperature of added ice Lets solve it out process by process Heat required by ice to change its temperature from -5 to 0 degree Celsius = 0.5 2040 (-5 - 0) = 5100 J Heat required by ice to change its phase = = 0.5 335000 = 167500 J Heat rejected by water to attain temperature of 0 degree Celsius = 2 4186 (15 - 0) = 125580 J Upon further calculation we found out that the final mixture of ice and water will contain 2345 g of water and 155 g of ice. 5 Explain the main properties of Superheated steam and give the reasons why it is used in a marine steam plant where Turbines are used The steam which is at higher temperature than that of its boiling point such that it can be cooled by some amount and will not affect the state of it is called as superheated steam. That is, it will not be converted to a mixture of liquid and saturated vapor even if the temperature is lowered by some value. Superheated steam incorporates with tremendous internal energy which is used for the rotary motion through expansion of it against the reciprocating pistons and turbine blades. The most important property of superheated steam is the ability to release internal energy without decreasing the temperature to the condensation temperature of water vapor. There are various reasons because of which superheated steam is only used in the marine steam plant and are as follows: If we use water vapor, which generally contains some droplets of liquids it will be difficult to compress the water vapor as the liquid droplets are incompressible at those pressure at which the turbine operates. Superheated steam doesnt changes its state even after releasing its internal energy, whereas if the steam is not superheated, then after releasing its energy it will take form of liquid droplets which will incorporate with steam and strike the mechanical components of the turbine. This may force the mechanical components to fracture, crack or bend. Using superheated steam ensures that throughout the passage from the turbine to all its mechanical components of the engine, it remains as a compressible gas and will not damage any parts of the engine. 6 Describe how the thrust from the propeller is transmitted through the shafting and associated equipment, to the hull of the ship The transmission of thrust from the propeller to the other equipment is governed by the thrust block, propeller shaft and the stern tube. In other words, the transmission of energy and the control of torque from the thrust block to the stern tube are controlled by these components only. The thrust block present just aft of the main engine and its purpose is to transmit the energy to the structure of the ship which is produced by the rotating propeller. The thrust block contains metals pads which are wedge shaped with oil groves into them. This prevents them from wearing because of the rotation of the drive shaft. There is an oil reservoir at the bottom through which the sea water is circulated. Next, the power is transmitted to the propeller shaft which is connected to the main engine flywheel through the thrust block, which is further passed along the tunnel of the shaft. The stern tube is at the end of the transmission system, it seals the propeller shaft to the aft hull. 7 Explain how sulphur dioxide comes to be a common chemical found in the composition of the exhaust gases of ocean going ships There are various exhaust gases which are emitted from the exhaust of the ship engines. However, the Sulphur dioxide is one of the common chemical compounds which are found. There are several reason because of which this happens but the most important one is the leftovers. The presence of leftover in the engine means that the combustion is not complete. Generally, the fuels used in the ships engines are gasoline which contains greater amount of Sulphur when compared with other fuels which are used. This helps in creating Sulphur dioxide at the time of combustion of fuel. In most of the cases, this Sulphur dioxide is oxidized by the catalyst and SO3 is formed which further react with water and forms Sulphuric acid, whereas in some of the case hydrogen sulphide gas may also be formed. This process given a smell of rotten egg and a black thick smoke is generated. This is the reason why we see black smoke coming out of the exhaust of the ships engine. This is one of the major concerns of the water transporters as well as the living being on this planet. It is very necessary to keep a close eye on the total emission of Sulphur dioxide. The US government has already passed the regulatory according to which the % of Sulphur dioxide shouldnt be greater than 3.6% of the total emission. This can also be controlled by desulfurization of the flue gas, which are being used in almost all the factories and plants across the globe. During this process, the flue gases are allowed to pass through a close chamber where calcium hydroxide is sprayed. The SO2 react with i t and form calcium hydroxide, calcium sulfate and calcium sulfite. 8 Explain the term hydrodynamic lubrication and give the reasons why it can fail. The term hydrodynamic lubrication is given when there is no direct contact between shaft and the bearing material. A wedge or layer of oil supports the shaft rotating within the bearing. The principle used in hydrodynamic lubrication system and because of which the film supports such high load is similar to the aquaplaning of the car on the wet road surface. The tyre of the car slides over the water accumulated between the road and the tyre. This happens because the water accumulates faster than the time required by the weight of the car to remove that water from between and the car floats on the water surface. The same principle goes with the hydrodynamic lubrication system. A wedge is created between the two surfaces because of the relative motion between them. This wedge shaped zone creates high pressure film between the surfaces. Consider the fig, when the journal is at rest, there is a direct contact between the bearing because of load W. When the journal starts moving, it will climb the bearing surfaces and after certain speed the lubricant is pulled a wedge shaped and pushes the journal to the other side. Hence, it is necessary that continuous and sufficient lubrication is provided to the system irrespective of whether supplied under pressure or not. There are various reasons because of which the failure of hydrodynamic lubrication can fail and they are as follows: The weight of the journal is much higher such that it doesnt allow the lubrication to form a wedge like structure. If the speed of the shaft is too slow, then this will not allow the lubricant to form a film between the two surfaces of the contacting material. Hydrodynamic lubrication can only take place if continuous and sufficient lubricant is provided to the system. 9 Complete a line drawing showing the 5 main components, and associated pipework, found in a Basic refrigeration system. In 300 words explain the operation of the system The five main components of the basic refrigeration cycle are as follows: Evaporator Condenser Heat Exchanger Compressor Expansion Valve Working Principle: Consider the beginning of the cycle at the evaporator. Low pressure liquid is fed into the evaporator which absorbs heat, expands and converts into low pressure gas at the exit point of evaporator. This low pressure gas is fed into the compressor from where it is then further pumped to condenser after increasing the pressure of the gas. In some of the refrigeration cycle, accumulator is also used in addition which doesnt allow any liquid droplet to pass to the compressor. It is advised to have accumulator in almost all the system subjected to load variations. Then this gas is transferred to the condenser where it is condensed (heat is removed from the gas) and becomes a high pressure liquid. Between the suction line and the liquid line the heat exchanger is placed which also is an optional one, it may or may not be present depending on the system design. After the condenser, this high pressure liquid gas is passed through the expansion value which controls the flow of the refrigerant into the evaporator. It majorly depends on the evaporator load, higher the evaporator load higher is the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator. As this high pressure liquid enters the evaporator, it is subjected to lower pressure because of the suction of the compressor. This forces the refrigerant to evaporate and for which it takes the heat from the air passing over the evaporator. And, this help in achieving the desired temperature and this cycle continues as long as desired temperature is maintained. Thermostat is also used in the refrigeration system so that it can break the electrical circuit of the compressor motor and stops it as soon as the desired temperature is achieved and starts it as the temperature increases a little bit. 10 Using a combination of drawings, compare the action of a ships propeller/rudder combination with that of a podded drive system, when a ship is turning to Port. Name all the main parts required and explain their function. Rudder which is placed on the aft of the ship is not sufficient enough to turn the ship on its own. It can be understood from the size of the rudder to that rudder being such a small part in the ship will not be able to turn the ship which is infinity times bigger than it. Consider a helmsman turning the ship towards the starboard. It gives some angle to the rudder. Because of this a rudder is force is generated which is directed towards the transverse direction of the ship. This will cause to attain a sway velocity towards the port side. However, this sway is so negligible in comparison to the turning of the ship that it is hardly felt. This only helps in creating a drift angle towards the starboard. Now, lets consider the rudder at the bow side. Now, if rudder is turned toward the starboard, the rudder force will still be in the direction of the port. This rudder direction towards the port and the net hydrodynamic moment would cause the ship to turn towards the port. The podded drive system is still finding its way into the marine industry. The mermaid system from kamewa and Azipod system from Finland have both made up to the cruise industry recently and holding on to the market. It has been known since hundreds of year that narrow channels and confined water are always a challenge to the captain in maneuvering the ship. However, the existence of Podded drive system has somehow decreased the traumatic condition of the captains. In rudder propulsion system, a complete set of propeller and controlled pitch propeller is used to maneuver a ship, whereas in this system its just a mechanism which will maneuver the ship with less effort. This newly designed mechanism doesnt only work efficiently, in addition in conserves energy and money to a greater extent.

Labor in America has been regulated since the earl Essays - Business

Labor in America has been regulated since the early 20th century, so it is often times difficult for us as Americans to understand why people are willingly to work such harsh jobs. For example Foxconn, you hear about their workers committing suicide because of the terrible working conditions, exceedingly long work hours, and almost prison like living conditions. The question can't help but come to mind, how do they continue to hire new employees? Surprisingly finding people who want to work at Foxconn, and other labor factories like it is anything but difficult. Unfortunately many Chinese workers are desperate for jobs at Foxconn, but why? Chinese people hear about the terrible conditions at Foxconn just like we have, except in more detail and often times from first hand witnesses. They have read about the suicides just like us, but for many Chinese workers Foxconn is a better option then the alternative especially for women. These jobs are viewed similarly as a job like McDonalds or a at retail store in your local mall. These are starter jobs not careers, and some of the best available at that. For example here's an expert from a letter written by a young Chinese man who now goes to school at a university in America. "My aunt worked several years in what Americans call "sweat shops." It was hard work. Long hours, "small" wage, "poor" working conditions. Do you know what my aunt did before she worked in one of these factories? She was a prostitute. Circumstances of birth are unfortunately random, and she was born in a very rural region. Most jobs were agricultural and family owned, and most of the jobs were held by men. Women and young girls, because of lack of educational and economic opportunities, had to find other "employment." (buisinessinsider.com) He later points out in his letter that Americans don't truly understand how few options there are for honest work in china. If your options where, prostitution, farming just to survive and still living in poverty, or working in a quote on quote "sweat shop" which would you choose? For many Chinese workers these are the options that they have to choose from, some less then these. Right now apple is at the top of the market and because of this, although not good they are able to provide some of the best and highest paying jobs for the uneducated Chinese worker. And many Chinese laborers feel as if these jobs are misunderstood by over privileged Americans.

Memo to Bradley Stonefield Essays

Memo to Bradley Stonefield Essays Memo to Bradley Stonefield Essay Memo to Bradley Stonefield Essay Atwood and Allen Consulting , if an employee’s pay is usually $10.00 per hour, overtime pay would be at the rate of $15.00 per overtime hour. The same exceptions count as in the minimum wage law to also include commissioned sales people. 3. The third law is time off which has to do with the Family and Medical Leave Act. This is a federal law that requires employers to give covered employees up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for qualifying

Ethical Leadership Essay Sample

Ethical Leadership Essay Sample Ethical Leadership Essay Stories of corrupt and incompetent leaders are increasingly becoming rampant and an obvious tale. Some leaders involve themselves in the most bizarre ethical breaches which tend to shutter an organization’s reputation. These leaders are becoming a true testament of the old adage, â€Å"power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.† Human beings naturally crave control and while most of us are not gifted in leading, everyone tends to think they have what it takes to lead. However, what most fail to realize is that being a leader is not the same as being or gaining a promotion. A leader is defined by the influence one holds over his colleagues, and at times his superiors. Power attracts many and often ends up destroying lives, careers, entire organizations, and even countries. However, one can choose to rise above the greed that is often exhibited as people are struggling for power and integrate ethics with their leadership. Being an ethical leader is not an easy task and often involves a conscious decision to shun backdoors and other shortcuts that are embraced by many. One has to be different and embrace the common principles of trust, respect, fairness, integrity etc. These principles form the foundation of ethical leadership but as stated earlier it takes time to synthesize these into effective actions. This essay will, therefore, focus on how one can synthesize the above values and be regarded as an ethical leader. First of all, one has to strive to set and be an example to his subordinates. It is often said that actions speak louder than words and this statement applies more to leaders than anyone else. Human beings are judgmental but they tend to judge someone based on what they do and not what they say. As a leader, one should be aware that their actions speak more than their words. This means that in order to create an honest culture, one must first be honest. A leader must practice and demonstrate what they feel is best for the organization. If one conducts themselves unselfishly, is honest, respectful and leads in fairness, employees will as well be moved to live up to the standards that are set. By acting ethically, one would have changed an organization’s culture and their leadership would qualify to be regarded as ethical. Secondly, ethical leadership entails a lot of communication with one’s subordinates as well as other colleagues. An ethical leader will always try to create an environment that makes communication, whether horizontal or vertical or diagonal, possible. Employees will always feel respected if their voice is heard and their opinions are taken seriously. No one should be punished for speaking their voice or airing their grievances. Ethical leadership embraces open communication where employees feel free to air their views. Building a relationship with one’s subordinates is key to the success of an organization. However, it is essential to understand that successful relationships are built on trust, openness, fairness, integrity, respect, and compassion. Without the above values involved, employer-employee relationships would be hard and employees will not be at ease to communicate their thoughts regardless of how bad the situation might be. In conclusion, ethical leadership involves caring, respecting, and treating one’s employees or subjects fairly. It does not chest-thumping or the use of force. The truth is, ethical leadership achieves greater success than an authoritative leadership. Ethical leaders will always get the best out of a team but as already stated, it takes time and patience to become one.

Corpora are of Little Practical Value to Most ELT Practitioners Essay

Corpora are of Little Practical Value to Most ELT Practitioners - Essay Example Identifying the importance of language as an important means of communication and other language-related activities, language researchers and teachers use corpora as viable means of conducting practical classroom-centered research and meeting specific language teaching needs. Though the use of corpora in English language teaching has made a significant progress in recent times, it is assumed that corpora are of little practical importance to most ELT practitioners (Ghadessy, et al, 2001, p.208). Thus the present study is aimed to analyze the aforementioned statement with reference to corpus-based pedagogical activities. Languages evolve and develop over a period of time and they are used differently by various speakers. According to McDonough and Shaw (2003, p.4), the overall goal of the language teaching programme is mainly derived from an analysis of the reasons why a group of learners in a particular environment needs to learn English which can be stated in general, educational or specific norms. The curriculum for English Language Teaching may differ from country to country and in such circumstances, the ELT practitioner needs to develop a framework based on the language teaching, for a country, an age group, whole school, a class or an individual. It is further stated that teachers are affected directly and indirectly by various factors upon which the curriculum is prepared like the role of English in the country, school, materials, time, etc. which makes it clear that singular approach to English language teaching is not suitable in all conditions. According to Richards and Rodgers (2001, p.71 ), the quest for an alternative to grammar-based approach led to several other methods like communicative approaches as it didn’t focus on grammar as the core component of language instead focused on communication and making the classroom environment for authentic communication.

Strategies in Action Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Strategies in Action - Coursework Example One of the key considerations, when looking at global strategies is the state of the global economy. There has been much debate as to whether globalisation consists of one single global market. It is necessary to think whether a uniform global strategy is one, which is 100% uniform and standardised, or just its key elements. It must acknowledge that companies that operate in overseas markets do so in order to expand their businesses and reach as well as stave off competition. "Even businesses whose focus has traditionally been on domestic markets are finding they must compete across borders not just to prosper but also to survive". (Kanso and Nelson, 2002, p.87) Regarding terminology, it is important to acknowledge that different academics may use the same terminology for different types of companies; confusion can arise with different companies & markets, which interpret slightly differently depending on the author. An organisation's global strategy(s) is dependent upon where the competitive advantage(s) for the product(s) or service(s) lies. This links win with Thompson, Strickland and Gamble (2007, p227) belief that there are four strategic issues relevant to competing across national boundaries. Issues are, whether to customise a company is offering in each different country to the taste of products. Implement the basic competitor strategy in all countries or fit them to specific markets and conditions depending on competition circumstances. Locate company's production facility(s), distribution, and customer service operation in order to gain greatest location advantages, and lastly share company's resource, capabilities in different country, to ensure competitive advantage. These are the factors to consider developing a global strategy. When considering uniform versus localised strategy is the transferability of a product's/service's/company's competitive advantage(s), means identifying the factors behind the competitive advantage. This can be location specific such as low cost labour, the quality of infrastructure, or technological, or brand name or a company's internal resources and capabilities. Empirical evidence suggests that it is usually easy to recreate technological, brand name and most other organisational capability advantages in a new international location, given enough time. Uniform strategy, standardisation, and national adaptation In adapting a uniform global strategy, there are many associated cost savings and potential benefits. One of the key concepts of a uniform strategy is standardisation and the ability to standardise not only products but also to transfer other competitive advantages. Theodore Levitt was a renowned famous supporter of standardisation and one uniform global market. Standardisation can be an easy and quick success as products/services stay the same. Many argue that it is important to have some sort of standardisation of a product when entering a new international market in order to have an existing competitive advantage, but there is much debate whether this applies in all, some, or few circumstances. Theodore Levitt believed that organisations that operate and compete on only a national basis are vulnerable to attack from companies that treat the world as a single global market. His main argument surrounds scales of economies and companies producing standardised products (at a

Income elasticity of demand Essay Example for Free

Income elasticity of demand Essay World trade for wheat is greater than for all other crops combined and is cultivated in 128 counties. A farming company specializing in wheat and barley production (Silo Pty Ltd), one of many producers in the international market, is greatly affected by storms in the U.S and South America. These storms have reduced the global wheat yield by 50 per cent. Wheat continues to be the most important food grain resource as it is used in a large majority of foods around the world. Its production leads other crops such as rice, maize and potatoes. Despite wheat’s great importance in the food industry, it would still be regarded as being price ‘elastic’ and have a positive income elasticity, as there are many competitive suppliers around the world, which could possibly lead to fluctuations in prices and prevent large shortages. Price elasticity of demand arises due to the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to change its price, when all other influences on buyers’ plans stay the same. Income elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of demand due to a change in income. Factors that generally affect the supply of goods or services include, the price of factors of production, the prices of related goods produced, expected future prices, the number of suppliers, technology and the state of nature. Demand is also effected by such factors as, the prices of related goods, expected future prices, income, expected future income and credit, population and preferences. If ever there were a shortage of wheat due to bad weather or storms, such that has happened to Silo Pty Ltd, other crops such as barley or maize could be used as an alternative resource, thus the supply would decrease and eventually the demand would decrease slightly as well as there are alternative resources at possibly cheaper prices. This would result in wheat being considered as a normal good in western society as for which demand increases as income increases. Graph 1 shows the situation before the storms hit and the effects after the storms. The demand curve is D and the original supply curve is labelled S0. After the storms hit, the supply curve shifted left to S1. This represents the supply decreasing, further increasing the price. Graph 2 shows the effects of the expected future price rise. Demand increases, shifting from D0 to D1, supply decreases shifting the supply curve from S1 to S2.

Solar System Essay -- essays research papers

The Solar System By â€Å"Delete this text and type your name here.† Introduction As far as we know, there are nine planets locked in orbit around the Sun. Only one, our own Earth, supports life. But there are countless other suns throughout countless galaxies scattered across the expanse of the universe. We still don’t know if life exists on another planet in some other galaxy. Mercury Named for the wing-footed messenger of the Roman gods, Mercury races around its orbit at a dizzying speed of 30 miles (48 kilometers) per second, making the Mercurial year only 88 Earth days long. In contrast, one rotation around its axis—or a single day—takes almost 59 Earth days. Geology Mariner 10 gave us a wealth of information about Mercury when it approached the planet in 1974 and 1975. Because Mercury has no water and barely any atmosphere, no erosion has taken place on its surface. We see Mercury much the way it was soon after it formed. Core We learned that Mercury has an extremely weak magnetic field, which could indicate a hot metallic core, such as molten iron. Geologists think Mercury may be the most iron-rich planet in the solar system. Crust Mercury’s crust seems to be silicate, like that of Earth. Craters The planet’s surface, viewed for the first time via Mariner’s cameras, is covered by craters. The battering occurred during the early period of the solar system when clumps of material were ramming into each other to form the planets. Atmosphere Mercury doesn’t have what we think of as an atmosphere—that is, a gaseous envelope that produces clouds and weather or protects the surface of the planet from some of the harmful solar radiation. The weak magnetic field on Mercury captures only the barest perceptible trace of charged particles from the Sun. Venus Shrouded in the cloak of mystery, Venus, our nearest planetary neighbor, takes the name of the Roman goddess of love. For some unknown reason, Venus rotates on its axis in retrograde—that is, in the reverse direction of its revolution around the Sun. Geology Geologically, Venus appears to have some similarities to Earth. Its crust is probably granitic, overlying a basaltic mantle and a iron-nickel core. The geologic activity that we are familiar with on Earth seems not to exist on Venus, except for the presence two volcanoes along a fault line. ... ...p;  17 Uranus  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19.18  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  84 years  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16 hours  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14.54  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15 Neptune  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  god of the deep blue sea  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30.06  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  165 years  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18 hours  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  17.23  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.88  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 Pluto  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  god of the underworld  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  39.44  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  248 years  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.4 days  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .002?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.12-0.30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 * AU = Astronomical Unit (Earth = 1) Conclusion We know more and more all the time about our own solar system. During the past 15 years, space probes such as the Mariner and Voyager missions have given us tremendous detail about all the planets in this system. Tiny by comparison to the Milky Way, our solar system is awesome, nevertheless, when considered in human scale.

Shottky diode

The Schottky diode is an important device which is widely used in radio-frequency (RF) applications. It possesses many similarities to the point-contact diode. In fact many of the early devices were made in the same way as a point-contact diode, although today's devices are made with totally different manufacturing techniques. Unlike conventional semiconductor diodes, which consist of a PN Junction, the Schottky diode is made from a metal semiconductor Junction.This offers a number of dvantages in some circumstances as the diode has a very low forward-voltage drop, and secondly it has a very fast switching speed. Both of these properties make it ideal for many RF applications as well as giving it uses in many other areas, as we shall see. Characteristics. The Schottky diode is what is called a majority carrier device. This gives it tremendous advantages in terms of speed. By making the devices small, the normal RC (resistancecapacitance) type time constants can be reduced, making the Schottky diode an order of magnitude faster than the conventional PN diodes.This factor is he prime reason why they are so popular in RF applications. The Schottky diode also has a much higher current density than an ordinary PN junction. This means that forward-voltage drops are lower, making these diodes ideal for use in powerrectification applications. The main drawback of the diode is found in the level of its reverse current, which is relatively high. For many uses this may not be a problem, but it is a factor which is worth watching when using Schottky diodes in more exacting applications. Variety of Applications.The Schottky diode is used in a wide variety of applications. It can naturally be used as a general-purpose rectifier. However, in terms of RF applications, it is particularly useful because of its high switching speed and high-frequency capability. Schottky diodes are similarly very good as RF detectors as their low capacitance and forward- voltage drop enable them to detect signals which an ordinary PN Junction would not It has already been mentioned that the Schottky diode has a high-current density and low forward-voltage drop. As a result, Schottky diodes are widely used in power supplies.By using these diodes, less power is wasted, making the supply more nd smaller heatsinks may be able to be incorporated in the design. The Schottky diode is used in logic circuits. Although not as common these days, the 74LS (low-power Schottky) and 74S (Schottky) families of logic circuits use Schottky diodes as a core component. The Schottky is inserted between the collector and base of the driver transistor to act as a clamp (see Fig. 2). To. produce a low or logic ‘O' output the transistor is driven hard on, and in this situation the base-collector junction of the diode is forward biased.When the Schottky diode is present, this akes most of the current and allows the turn-off time of the transistor to be greatly reduced, thereby improving the sp eed of the circuit.

Cheerios commercial

This commercial was different than any other cheerios commercial because it involved an interracial couple and their mixed daughter. In the video, you see the little girl and her mother sitting at the table. The girl starts off by saying â€Å"mom, dad said cheerios were good for your heart is that true? † The mother replies, â€Å"Cheerios has healthy grains and it helps with cholesterol so that's heart healthy. † The little girl smirks and walks away.The next scene you see the dad sleeping on the ouch with a whole bunch of cheerios on top of his heart. This video received a lot of backlash on Youth about this interracial couple. One stereotypical thing that was portrayed was the fact that people refer to African Americans as having a lot of heart problems because of what they eat. The little girl obviously understood that and wanted her dad to be healthier by placing the cheerios on his heart. This of course was frowned upon because not all African Americans have hear t problems. Cheerios ended up banning the commercial and they then recreated a new one with the same family.The second commercial involved the dad telling the daughter that her mother was pregnant by using cheerios and in the end she says she would like a dog if she's getting a new baby brother. I feel as though the racial issues African Americans have gone through in the past still do somewhat exist. There are constantly so many stereotypes being made about African Americans. People are ignorant and they are so quick to Judge someone's culture without actually knowing anything about it. I myself am married to an African American man and our children are also mixed but he does not have heart problems nor does anybody in his family.Most categorize people by color and culture but that does not mean that we are all the same. Though slavery was overruled in 1865 and segregation ended in 1964, there are still people out there who believe in it. When people saw this commercial of the inte rracial couple, the people who don't necessarily like or believe in interracial couples also had some things to say about the video. Some of them said they would no longer eat cheerios because of knowing an interracial couple does or was even in the commercial.

marijuana and brain damage essays

marijuana and brain damage essays Though marijuana is illegal, it is the most widely used illicit drug in most developed societies today; over fifty percent of people will use it at some point in their lifetime (Hubbard, Franco, Onaivi 1999). Its peak usage occurred in the 1960s, but is still at a high today. To many peoples dislike, cannabis actually has legitimate medical purposes. Many anti-drug messages provide people with exaggerated claims concerning the undesirable affects of the drug. Moreover, its recent legalization in ten states, for medicinal purposes, has emphasized the need to understand and know the long-term effects on the central nervous system. Pope and Yurgelun-Todd(1996) conducted a blind comparison among college students of regular marijuana users versus infrequent users. Their goal was to determine whether frequent marijuana use can be associated with residual neuropsychological effects. Their findings suggested that although marijuana use may produce some effect in memory functions, that the more significant effects are in the attention-executive system. While the recall memory functions stay reasonably unaltered. Also reported by them is a show of impairments in mental flexibility, abstraction and in some aspects of learning, in frequent users more then less frequent users. Most of the cognitive damage is not big when compared to normal cognitive variability in normal individuals. These impairments would not cause a heavy smoker to stand out from the crowd. This does not mean that they dont have some sort of significance; theoretically speaking, they could still have detrimental effects on a students academic performance. Even though alcohol is legal and marijuana is illegal, Wayne Hall and Nadia Solowij(1998) have found that long-term heavy use of marijuana does not cause the harsh impairment of memory, attention, and cognitive function that can be found in chronic abuse of alcohol. But, the lon...

5 Traits That Your PhD Writer Must Have to Provide You with a Great Sample Paper

5 Traits That Your PhD Writer Must Have to Provide You with a Great Sample Paper 5 Traits That Your PhD Writer Must Have to Provide You with a Great Sample Paper Creating your PhD paper is a huge deal and there are many requirements that have to be met. Unlike undergrad programs, your essays and assignments hold to much higher standards and are judged more critically. If you need some professional assistance to your coursework, you have to find a highly qualified PhD writer. 1. High Levels of Competence Of course, you want to hire the best person for your piece. So, you have to make sure that the writer you are interviewing is competent. He/she should be intelligent, have previous experience with PhD papers as well as behave in a professional manner. The writer who displays the high level of competence in his/her works is the person, whom you should consider interviewing further. 2. Good Communication Skills When it comes to PhD papers, a lot has to be done, there are some revisions to be made, some new pieces of information to be added, and dozens of adjustments that should be incorporated throughout the project. Because of this, you need to work with a writer who has good communication skills. He/she should be easy to contact with, as well as ready to set up the meeting.Moreover, the writer should also be able to easily understand instructions. The person, you are working with, needs to be able to answer specific questions. If you have any questions due to the paper, he/she should be able to answer them. If the writer cannot provide you with his/her own insights, it means that he/she does not actually understand the subject. 3. Good Grades If the writer has some experience, working at the PhD level, he/she is likely to have some already completed assignments. Pay attention to the reviews that other customers have left, and look if there is some information concerning the marks that the students have gained for the writer’s works. If his/her projects have good grades and high marks, it is a sign that you are dealing with a truly professional writer. If the projects have received poor grades, it’s quite better to move on and look for somebody else to help you. 4. Noteworthy Achievements Does the person you are going to hire have any major accomplishments? If the writer has achievements that are related to your PhD project, it is a good sign that such a person is knowledgeable about the particular subject. 5. Relevant Certification Although hiring someone with accomplishments in your field is a great deal, but if the person does not have the certain diploma in the particular field, it is not a fatality. Sometimes people do not enter the universities to get a degree, but they attend specific courses to achieve certificates. Thus, if you meet the writer, who has such a document, you can feel free to hire him/her for your paper. There is a complex system on how to find a trustworthy PhD thesis writer to assist you with your project. Determining the applicant’s competence, communication skills, educational degree, etc. are all great ways to find out the best candidate for your final paper.

Images of Japan Within and Without Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Images of Japan Within and Without - Term Paper Example It is characterized by rudimentary agriculture and pit dwellings (Walt, 1980). Decorated clay vessels are examples of the oldest surviving world pottery. Japan was also characterized by Neolithic and Mesolithic culture of semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer. Japanese culture has evolved from its origin. This study is aimed at examining the images of Japan within and without. These include Japan and Japanese images in the western world. The primary objective is to determine the kinds of images, and how Japan has been seen by the outside world - western images and western myths. The other area of interest is the nationalism of Japan together with key aspects of change in the country; home and family in Japan’s continuity and transformation. Japan as Seen by the Outside World- Western Images and Myths Japan is seen by the western world as a country of cherry trees and volcanoes. Japan’s icons are cherry blossoms and volcano Fudzijama. This makes Japan to be viewed as a loyal, h onorable and brave country. Samurai traditions demand that profits to Japanese only be second to prestige and honor. The virtues of old warriors were courage, loyalty and endurance, which smoothly translated into managerial skills (Black, 1999). Japan is also an isolated country with great contradictions. It has booming cities in the south, which are beautiful and peaceful (Escola & Rikkinen, 1976). This is an indication that Japanese people are hard working and group oriented. According to Totman (2005), the tradition of Japan has been working together by discussion and agreement. Japanese people are hardworking and highly skilled. Japan is also clean and neat. The garden has little stream, waterfall and small bridges. There are also manicured paths shrubs, rocks and flowers. It therefore, has the image of being very neat and cleans (Clavell, 1998). Japan is also seen as unique and different for many years remaining an unresolved riddle and enigma. Though it is in Asia, it is so we sternized, unlike any other country of Asia. It is uniquely adaptable countries where modernity and traditions are consisting of one continuum (Whitney, 1967). In the entire world, Japanese are known to be polite and courteous people (Clement, 1906). Littlewoods (1996) says that Japan’s idea on western images and myths is that different western countries have different views towards Japan. On the other hand, European images also differ from American images. The west has always been seen as an industrialized, urbanized, capitalist, modernized and highly developed. Its concept is therefore a product of 16th century historical processes as people tend to divide the world into west and non west, Japan’s position becomes confusing. The images are based on old pictures and descriptions. The historical perspective of Japanese images is mainly based on historical notes and books written by authors from the west. Historians have for a long time debated on the seclusion of Japan . Few European works in description of Japan, appeared during the period of seclusion, and were exclusively attached to the Dutch factory. Although there were several information limitations, Kaempfer formed the most popular western image in Japan (Clavell, 1998). The two compilations that were widely read were published in New York and London, two years before the expedition of Perry. Perry’s arrival in Uraga was especially felt because of his decorative fine arts. It was also conspicuous in architecture ceramics, religious studies dance, fashion, interior design, literature and landscape gardening among others. The interest of Americans and European first rose from observable images, without an intermediary aid. The popular Japanese imaginations were stirred by fans, curios, kites, parasols, combs,

Biological psychology essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Biological psychology - Essay Example Seeing is a process which enables a person to see things of this world around him/her. To see is a natural God gifted phenomenon. One gets benefits and enjoys the environment. During this phenomenon, the patterns of light are projected on our retinas by the objects. From the scientific view, vision is a complex process. The image is encoded in the retina. The retina goes through some important processes and then reaches to the stage of recognizing an object or personality or anything else. Actually it is the object that reflects light from its background and the luminant boundaries in the retinal image are formed. This is a useful starting point in the spatial vision and is performed by an important group of retinal cells, the ganglion cells. (Jenkin, 1994) Spatial vision is that branch of psychology/biology that deals with the study of interpretation of light patterns on the retina by the visual system. This is a new interdisciplinary approach and is also called as vision sciences. This field of science integrates psychological, computational, neuro-scientific perceptions and the visual brain knowledge. Rods and cons of the eye are photoreceptor in nature and transduce light into electrical impulses inside our nerve fibers. Both types of cells are interdependent to each other. Not only a discrete area of human cognition is involved in spatial vision, but various other areas are also taking part in this two sided/faceted relation. The spatial perception influences and is influenced. (DeValois & Russell L., 1990) The field of visually perceived space introduces the knowledge of scientific psychology. In the current era, its importance is at a great rise. A keen interest is being shown by the biologists and psychologists. They are busy conducting an active research in this most important scientific knowledge. The visual space is usually described in terms of conscious experiences. Wagner (2006) stated that visual space is exposed by

Canadas Victory in the Battle of Vimy Ridge

Canadas Victory in the Battle of Vimy Ridge Canada entered World War One as another country considered to be part of the British colony, and left it with a refined sense of nationalism that would finally lead to the end of Britains authority over Canada. The Canadian victory in Vimy ridge brought Canada a sense of pride. Womens active role in Canada during World War One changed the views of many Canadians in a positive way. Canadas achievements during the Great World War made Canadians have more love and loyalty to their country. Men and women had battled relentlessly during World War One and earned great respect from their country, which caused the increase of Canadian nationalism. Canadas involvement and victory in the battle of Vimy Ridge changed the views of many Canadians and it brought them a greater sense of nationalism. Historians have said Canadian nationalism was born atop the Vimy Ridge in the northern France on April 9, 1917, when the 100,000- strong Canadian corps claimed a strategic prize from the Germans near Arras, France that other allies had failed to capture. [1]After Canada conquered Vimy ridge, Canada was the first allied force that achieved a victory against the Germans. Canadian troops from then on gained the reputation of being tough, courageous, and successful fighters. Their outstanding achievement in the battle of Vimy ridge is what brought them a sense of pride. The feeling of empowerment and respect from other nations is what enhanced Canadian nationalism during and after the Great World War. Canadas achievements in the battle of Vimy Ridge brought a great sense of accomplishment to many Canadians. The victory at Vimy, won by troops from every part of the country, helped unite many Canadians in pride at the courage of their citizen-soldiers, and established a feeling of real nationhood.[2]During the battle of Vimy Ridge, it was the first time all Canadians fought together in a combined force. This encouraged troops to come together as one nation and work as a team to defeat the Germans at Vimy Ridge and is what helped unite many Canadians in a sense of greatness and pride. This is what made Canada considered an independent nation and that is what contributed to the increase of Canadian nationalism. The outlook of many Canadians changed as the success and victory of the battle of Vimy Ridge had brought them a better sense of nationalism. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that if Vimy Ridge had been captured by a British or French formation instead of the Canadian Corps, this action would not enjoy its current celebrity, Sheffield writes.Vimy Ridge resonates largely because of its role in the growth of Canadian nationalism. [3]Canadians after the success of Vimy Ridge believed that they could stand on their own two feet and fight for them selves without the help of Britain or other allied nations. This proved Canada was a strong country and an independent one too. This in turn is what made Canada have a greater sense of devotion to its country. The role of women in Canada during World War One changed the perspective of many Canadians and increased their sense of nationalism. Women were an essential component of the Canadian war effort and their efforts on the home front, in factories as well as on the battlefront were important to a successful outcome.[4]During World War One woman were called on by necessity to do work and take on roles that were outside their traditional expectations. They became an important part of Canadian society, and became more valued by the people of Canada. This wasnt considered the norm back in the day for women to be doing things like that. By Canada encouraging women to be involved in helping out in the war and at the home front, more Canadians have a greater sense of nationalism because they feel like their treating women with more respect. Canadian women performed no less than men did during the Great War. Many Canadian women worked in factories. Their contribution to the war showed that women had great courage and could do the same things the men could do. [5] Women moved into the labor force to do the jobs of men so that they can earn a living, help out the country and the men fighting over seas. This increased nationalism in Canada because Women had gained more rights and had a more active role in the society, which brought Canada closer to its national identity. Womens significant contribution to the Canadian war effort showed Canada had different beliefs from other nations. The Great War dramatically changed the lives of women in Canada. Womens active roles during world war one brought a better sense of pride to the country, which set Canada aside from other nations. [6] The Canadian women that help out during the war years changed the way Canadians felt about its country. Women were treated with a little more respect than before and had the opportunity to be apart of the work force which was different from what the world was used to. The womens active roles during The Great World War changed the views of many Canadians in a positive aspect which set aside Canada from the rest of the world. Canadas achievements on the battleground demonstrably promoted Canadian nationalism. One of the battles in which Canada fought courageously and determinedly was the battle of Ypres. Commander of the Second British Army, General Smith Dorrien said No words Could Be kinder or full of praise. The whole army realized that it was only the gallant actions of the Canadians that saved Ypres: otherwise one the greatest disasters in history of the British Army might have occurred.[7] Canadas involvement in the battle of Ypres changed the way many Canadians felt about their country and brought them a better sense of nationalism. When the Canadian army won the battle of Ypres using unreliable artillery (Ross riffles) its showed that Canadians could make due with what they have and win a battle no matter what the circumstances are. Canadas effort in the battle of Ypres changed the way Canadians felt about its country in a positive way. The accomplishments on the battle field increased Canadian nationalism; one of the battles was the battle of Somme which got Canada a new reputation of being known as storm troopers. War correspondent, Phillip Gibbs said The Canadians have gained great glory by their attack. Though swept by machine guns, and meeting stubborn defence, they carried a stronghold and captured hundreds of prisoners. The full story of the Canadian victory will thrill the great Dominion like a heroic song. They were careless of death, so they might win[8] During the battle of the Somme Canadian soldiers got the glorious reputation of being called storm troopers because of their restlessness on the battlefields. Although they were not victorious in defeating the Germans it showed that Canada had some clever tactic such as over the top, (which was when armed forces climbed over the trenches and advanced over the enemy) to attempt to defeat the Germans. The effort of the Canadian soldiers during the battle of the Somme showed Canadas capabilities and potentials in war which enhanced Canadian pride and devotion. The Most bloodiest battle in which Canadians fought in was the battle of Passchendaele. It was one of the most historical and successful battles of Word War One for Canadians although they were not successful in the battle. General Haig said proudly The Canadian have performed superbly, maintaining their spirit and pursuing their objectives in the face of overwhelming odds. They have defined the Passchendaele mud. [9] As the Passchendaele mud was a hard obstacle, the Canadians refused to back down and with spirit they charged forward concurring their goals as well as facing the great unlikely hood of survival. This showed the Canada had mental stability and no matter what the conditions were on the battlefield, they were always determined to win and this is what lead to Canadian nationalism because Canadians to be part of a country that is known to be great and outstanding fighter. During the First World War both men and women had battled courageously, weather it being on the battlefields or on the home front, thus increased Canadian nationalism. Canadas victory in the battle of Vimy ridge increased the positive views of many Canadians. Canadian regarded the active role of women in a positive manner which reflected the increase of nationalism during World War One. Canadas great accomplishments during the Great World War increased Canadas love and patriotism to its country. World War One, as many other events has made a great impact on the increase of Canadian. Birth of nationalism. CTV new report [Electronic Bulletin board]. April 2007- [cited 11 October 2009]. Available form [emailprotected] http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070402/vimy_90years_070402/ The capture of Vimy Ridge. Veterans Affair Canada [electronic bulletin board]. September 1998- [cited October 1 2009]. Available form [emailprotected] http://www.vacacc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=history/firstwar/vimy/vimy5 Vimy Ridge Status in Canadian History Canada.com [electronic bulletin board]. 2001-[cited October 7 2009]. Available form [emailprotected] http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html? id=ccaca4a5-12a7-4b8c-b6a1-9c6469411fd1k=20506 Pat Station, Canadian Women and World War One (Toronto: Green Dragon Press, 2006), 15. Pat Station, Canadian Women and World War One (Toronto: Green Dragon Press, 2006), 31 A.G. Smith and Robert Livesey, Discovering Canada: The Great war(Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry and Whiteside,2006),36 G.W. Larkin and J.P. Matersky, Canada in the Twentieth Century World War 1(Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry Whiteside, 1987),18 G.W. Larkin and J.P. Matersky, Canada in the Twentieth Century World War 1(Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry Whiteside, 1987),23 Kathryn M. Bindon, More Than Patriotism( Toronto: Thomas Nelson Sons Limited, 1979), 121

stress and law enforcement Essays -- essays research papers

Management and Dealing with Stress in Officers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important that law enforcement officers are able to handle stress and build his or her zone of stability. Officers have a ready-made support system in each other. They better understand the special problems and feelings that come with the job that friends and family members don’t. That doesn’t necessarily mean that this relationship with their fellow officers will cure all. Sometimes, because of the â€Å"macho† image that police officers uphold, they will give back negative feedback in a situation where an officer needs comfort. For example, an officer shoots someone in the line of duty and is having an emotional struggle with it, and a fellow officer (who thinks he is supporting that officer) makes a comment like, â€Å"Good job, that dirt bag deserves it.† In a situation like that, a fellow officer feels worse and more stressed. It is very important for management, whether police or correctional, to make sure that they can prop erly help out their officers when needed. There are many things that happen on the streets and in prison that can severely effect an officer. It is only with a good management system and staff that officers will have the proper support to move on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A major stressor is when a law enforcement officer must deal with death. No one is mentally or emotionally prepared to deal with death. When a law enforcement officer has to notify the next of kin, they must pass through stages of notification. The first stage is to prepare by creating a self-protecting sense of social distance for the officer. An experienced officer will be more concerned with containing the emotions of the recipient rather than their concern for how they will cope. The next stage is the delivery. It only takes a few seconds to deliver the news, and the officer will use their badge, uniform, and the formality of the delivery as a way to protect him/herself from this personal situation (Looney & Windsor 1982). Dealing with the pain that you see in other people is a major adjustment. It will take time and experience for a law enforcement officer to cope with this aspect of the job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most traumatic event in a law enforcement officer’s job is dealing emotionally with the involvement in a shutting incident. Officers may suffer from pos... ...lp make a team run smoothly and efficiently. Support must always be shown from management to it’s officers. Reducing stress in officers can effectively help the team run better. Especially in times of need, like death, management needs to step up and use the techniques they have been trained to safely help their officers in troubled times. With a management that can properly help out their team, the team can move on and run efficiently and effectively. When officers need help with an aspect of the job emotionally, and management can step in to help, the officer will feel better knowing that management is on their side and that they are based one hundred percent. A good management can make the difference between and O.K. team and an outstanding team. References Jacobson, Edmund (1978). You Must Relax. New York; McGraw Hill. Looney, H. & J. L. Windsor. (1982) Death Notification: Some Recommendations. The Police Chief. March, page 30-31. Solomon, R. M. (1988). Post-Traumatic Trauma. The Police Chief. October, page 40-44. Solomon, R. M. (1990). Administrative Guidelines for Dealing with Officers involved in on-duty shooting situations. The Police Chief. February, page 40.

Classical Humanism in Art

5) Classical Humanism in Art Juxtapose two or more works from this period which you feel are illustrative of the renewed interest and enthusiasm for/reinvention of classical humanism. Describe the works in detail, discuss their internal symbols and larger social, cultural and political significances re attitudes to classical humanism C15 Italy Humanism intro Renaissance patrons understood the power of imagery and used it to extent their fame Courts throughout Italy were thriving centers of artistic activity and vied with each other for prominent humanist scientists, writers, architects,painters and sculptors Humanist subjects were taught in schools. The most enlightened renaissance popes encouraged the humanist assimilation of ancient greek and roman philosophies into their own Christian faith Inspired by the ideas in ancient greek and roman texts, which confirmed their new intellectual and scientific interests in understanding the world The praise of the deeds of great figures from antiquity that the humanists found in roman and greek texts supported the notions of pride and fame that were becoming important in a society whose major figures were successful business entrepreneurs and bankers Sought to supplement faith by insisting on the dignity of the individual and human potential for achievement Gave art and artist a new dignity and opened the way for a new level of literary discussions on art Natural observation –an important feature Expanding middle class, new types of art were commissioned by individuals to adorn their private town houses of country villas The dignity of the individual and new selfconsciousness promoted by e Italian humanists had an important influence on attitudes about artists Renaissance artists were viewed as trained intellectuals versed in the classics and geometry Artists became famous Began to create self portaits, a sure indication of theit new status Artists and workshops received a variety of secular and religious commissions Rulers continued to employ works of art for the traditional purposes of exalting and consolidating their power Rulers often commissioned portraits POLITICAL he humanists created, or recreated a structure of values different from that on which medieval ideals of chivalry and nobility were based. humanism was nurtured in the italian city-states, with their republican (not clerical or aristocratic) govts. , epitomized the new ideals of self-reliance and civic virtue - civic and mundane, not chivalric or contemplative. SOCIAL & CULTURAL the growth and spread of humanism is pre-eminent in the intellectual history of the fifteenth century but its r/s with the visual arts is complex and sometimes ambiguous. dontello's statues exhibit a dignity and realism. his works embodied the new ideal man of the renaissance and showed people as self-determined individuals, powerful and intellectually alive.

Hawthorne’s Typical Females Essay

Hawthorne’s stories talks a lot about human evil deeds and nature. Several of the themes are parables or allegorical depiction of human nature. Many readers believes that his stories posses morals which represents the culture and traditions during his time. Others consider his approach as sublimely misogynistic due to his portrayal of woman. This paper ought to present an analysis of Hawthorne’s stories. This includes ‘The Minister’s Black veil’, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown’ and ‘The Birthmark’. It involves a critical analysis of the themes and the plot of the stories centering on the presentation of women or female characters in the stories. Also, a high regards on the prevalent culture and traditions during the period when the stories were written will also be analyze to provide a brief history or background as to how the author come up with such ideas. Hawthorne Former American Literature prior to Hawthorne’s stories represents woman or female characters as innocent or as mothers caring, gentle and kind. In this regards one can assume that women are viewed and treated as weak, emotional, understanding and naive (Amoia, 1998). Some even viewed woman as threats which is depicted by Eve. Others discard women as simply unimportant. In literature they almost always play the role of supporting characters if not servants. This mirrors the typical view of woman during Hawthorne’s childhood. Men view woman to be inferior. Nonetheless such outlook does not affect Hawthorne’s judgment. Some scholars believe that this is due to the fact he grows up without a father. Living his whole life with woman around him, helping and caring for him (Amoia, 1998). Ideas common during the time revolves also with equality of men and women as expressed by Rousseau and his followers. In literature, women are always seen as witness of a crime or victims. Hawthorne’s stories tries to remove this stereotypical female function by creating female characters that serves as men’s companions rather than their servants. There is also emphasis given on men’s fear of woman as the main theme of his writings. Such conclusions are made not through observation but by experience. One should also note that most of Hawthorne’s writings create an impact of social deviation. As he tries to include his main theme in his stories, he also tries to cover it with the disastrous result of human sins or of evil. His writings primarily describe the Puritan way of life and the culture in America most specifically in Salem, which is his home town. In reading Hawthorne’s short stories, one would come across a prevailing plot of man’s failure or loss of power. Power can then be considered as the central idea where Hawthorne’s writings revolve. Men are rendered as powerful, women are displayed as weak. Such denotations stagger with Hawthorne’s persistent referral to women’s control of life. Young Goodman Brown In the ‘Young Goodman Brown’, Hawthorne portrays a man who is innocent about evil. Thus, Goodman Brown is a character who does not know about his mistakes or sins. Faith is Goodman’s wife, which also symbolizes Goodman’s faith in general with reference to life and God. The discovery of treachery or unfaithfulness of Faith leaves Goodman with doubts and a stereotypical female figure similar to Eve. Goodman’s view of Faith as a loving, spiritual wife changes into a whore-like woman similar to most women he knows. In this regards it seems that Hawthorne tries to dissect the usual marital relationship by magnifying man’s common notion of woman. This being woman along with sex and all other things which they represent are tools or apparatus which the devil uses to fool men. It seems that this perspective thrives on men’s mind for as early and as long as the story of Adam and Eve exists. The Christian religion creates the idea and practice of sexual intercourse as something unnatural and must be done, privately between husband and wife. Thus as can be seen in the story of Goodman Brown, the belief in such dogma led him to think that sex is unnatural. Hawthorne gives the reader the view about sex as something that degrades woman for eternity making it a sin. The Minister’s Black Veil The next story which also describes man and woman marital relationship is ‘The Minister’s Black Veil’. Although the focus of the story seems to revolve around Mr. Hooper and his black veil, the reader/s cannot miss the part wherein Mr. Hooper had a talk with Elizabeth. Elizabeth is Mr. Hooper’s fiancee in the story (Stearns). She is a good woman and their relationship is good up until Mr. Hooper starts to wear the black veil. The conversation between Elizabeth and Mr. Hooper is a confrontation regarding the wearing of the veil and the reason for it. To everyone it seems that the veil symbolizes something close to a secret sin. Hawthorne makes the female character looks good or nice while male characters are displayed with evilness. In this particular story, the male character appears deviant not only to the citizens but to the church as well. The wearing of the veil seems to symbolize a secret sin indeed. Nonetheless, if one would read the story in light of the female’s role, one will see that the veil actually prevents the marriage between Mr. Hooper and Elizabeth (Stearns). In first reading one may regard Elizabeth to be inconsiderate. Mr. Hooper even begs her to stay. But upon reading the conversation again, one will see that the smiles of Mr. Hooper symbolize success or the triumph to stay away from Elizabeth. This is in line with the celibacy rule of the church. Hawthorne seems to make his reader consider the fact that celibacy is but a form a male expression of dominance over women. Everyone in the town believes that the veil that the minister wears symbolizes sin and evil. Hawthorne uses this symbolism to define the norms and the way people think in that town. The story ends with Mr. Hooper telling the people that it is fine if such veil represents sins, nonetheless his sins are covered unlike their sins which are revealed. Hatred of woman seems to be obvious in the first few paragraphs of the story. There are consistent referrals on bachelors attending the sermon. The minister needs to attend the funeral of a young lady and the wife who does not want to eat with the minister. With celibacy as a form of excluding woman to a specific male sphere, misogyny is brightly illuminated. With celibacy man has triumph to exclude woman from the power vested upon them by God. Inventions or the proliferation of such conventions still exist nowadays with the same purpose but with less effect. Hawthorne makes it explicit that the veil does create a barrier that grabs away the possibility of woman entering the Minister’s life. Hawthorne assists his readers to generate the idea that the veil generates ‘power’. When he explains how the veil functions on his sermons and how the veil makes the Minister look more authoritative, it crates the impression that a veil signifies power and/or control. The Birthmark This addictive stance of man towards power was moreover expounded on Hawthorne’s ‘The Birthmark’. In this story Hawthorne creates a man of genius, depriving from the usual religious role. Hawthorne manages to construct a character which is a ‘man of science’. Such man has dedicated all his life to the pursuit of Utopia and/or perfection that by which demonstrated through the man’s persistence to out do Mother Nature. The female figure in the story is Georgiana whom the author describes to be almost perfect. Such descriptions of perfection compose physical appearance which must be flawless and fair. This type of ‘beauty myth’ is something that exists during Hawthorne’s era up until today. This idea of beauty has successfully controlled women over the years. It defines woman’s status and possibilities in life. Another thing that is prominent in Hawthorne’s depiction of Georgiana was her submission to her husband’s wishes. The thought of her letting him do whatever he thinks to be applicable and best for her even if it means her own death. This sacrifice seems to explore the subjectivity of woman to men’s choices and women’s submission to men’s control. The story also depicts the profound way that men ‘disguise themselves’ as someone ‘not emotional’ concealing their true selves with a facade of illusions and self-deceptions. In the story, Aylmer conceal his emotional side by being a ‘man of science’ having the ‘genius’ to even try to counter nature. Although all of his experiments landed as failures, his display of objective knowledge gives him a higher authority or power over his wife. This is evident in the way by which the story ended, with his wife, Georgina submitting to his wants even at the costs of her death. The hatred of woman evident in the story as discussed by Fetterley covers man’s attempts to capture the power that both nature and woman share in common, the power to create. Such power is not available to men making him feel inferior. Fetterley also argues that the story provides insights on man’s ability to disguise ‘hatred as love, murder as idealization and failure as successes’. In this regard, I believe that Fetterley is right in her reading of the story. Man is indeed capable of masking himself with another identity apart from which he really is and what he really intends as can be seen on Aylmer’s vision of success marked by an inescapable failure, for his attempt to win over nature only led to a creation of death. Apparently, this creates an image that Aylmer is someone who would do anything to exceed nature and woman, even at the cost of death to prove his success. When Fetterley accounts that female was envisioned as ‘hideous and unnatural’ in the story, she mentioned the ‘cult of female beauty’ which create an idealization of women that makes her look ‘monstrous’ in her natural form. Women were portrayed to be hated on their natural form, just as in the story, when a birthmark represents an imperfection, a thing that may cause her to be hated and thus needs a remedy, which she will be wiling to accept even in expense of her own life. Fetterley showed that man posses such power over women that he can dictate and influence her outlook, he can even manage and control her life to his liking, making her a possession or a thing that owned by him. Deviation of Female Characters Georgiana deviates from the typical female character the most. She is someone who succumbs to the wishes of her husband as if she is a ‘lab mice’. Although she sees the blatant failures he committed in the past, she still worships his genius. At the face of death she still looks forward for his triumph. The other female character such as in the case of Elizabeth managed to leave her husband while Faith at least did not display such display of subjectivity. Elizabeth on the other hand deviates from Georgiana and Faith in the sense that she left her husband instead of standing by his side, which is the typical nature of Hawthorne’s female character. Female characters are always support characters but take the role as fire starters. It seems that they are the reason or is partially responsible for the actions made by their husbands. The male characters are displayed with an inclination towards evil. The woman are displayed innocent but it is implicitly shown that they are just doing what a good woman should do and how they should act in a society. At the least, plain reading of Hawthorne’s literature would create an image of woman as reason’s for male’s failure, an image that is common during their time. But thorough reading would guide the reader to the courage an power that woman posses and men lacks. Conclusion All in all, the writings of Hawthorne hold high respect for woman. Although it somehow discusses and depicts hatred of woman, it is quite obvious that it is not the authors purpose to promote such hatred. Instead the misogyny is elaborated to be able to present man’s cowardice and insecurity with respect to woman. It also present the different ways by which man tries to grab the power from woman by making them feel subordinates or looking down at them. Finally, Hawthorne creates female characters which display the typical female in his era. They do not argue with man as much as woman of today do however the way that men sees and/or treat woman stays the same. This might be rooted in the fact that women does not only permit men to treat them as subordinates and or objects but also encourage them. Work Cited Amoia, A. , Hawthorne’s Rome: Then and Now, Nathaniel Hawthorne Review. 1998. Fetterley, J. The Resisting Reader: A Feminist Approach to American Fiction. Indiana University Press. 1981. Stearns, F. The life and genius of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Wineapple, B. Hawthorne: A Life.. 2004. PagebyPageBooks. com. NAtaniel Hawthorne. Retrieved on April 18, 2008, from http://www. pagebypagebooks. com/Nathaniel_Hawthorne/

Siamois, Goosecoid, and axis essays

Siamois, Goosecoid, and axis essays Axis formation is established very early in the development of vertebrates. Much research has been done in this area, especially with Xenopus, and the consensus is that the dorsal lip plays a key role in establishing the dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axes and organizing the develoment of the organism. Pioneering experiments were done by Spemann and Mangold in the 1920's: by transplanting a dorsal lip from one embryo to a point opposite the native dorsal lip on a second embryo, they were able to induce the formation of a second notochord and most of a complete second organism in the manner of a siamese twin. The paper the two published summarized thusly: A piece of the upper blastoporal lip of an amphibian embryo undergoing gastrulation exerts an organizing effect on its environment in such a way that, if transplanted to an indifferent region of another embryo, it causes there the formation of a secondary embryonic anlage. Such a piece can therefore be designated as an organizer. The homeobox gene which is implicated in this activity is known as siamois. A second homeobox gene, goosecoid, was later implicated in the formation of the a-p axis, and both genes are regulated at least indirectly by the $-catenin protein, which is a component of the Wnt signaling pathway. This paper will attempt to explain the relationship among these genes and gene products and summarize the current research in the field. The dorsal lip originates in the grey crescent, a segment of the egg which forms opposite the sperm entry point (SEP) through a 30E subcortical rotation of the cytoplasm with respect to the cortex. This rotation, which is driven by a basketwork of microtubules at the vegetal side, is the actual establishment of the dorsoventral axis, but proper head and tail structures will not emerge without the organizers influence. The pathway begins with the accumulation of $-catenin in the dorsal blastomeres...

The Education System Essay Example

The Education System Essay Example The Education System Essay The Education System Essay Essay Topic: Education This point has caused one of the main criticisms of looking at cultural deprivation as the reason for working class underachievement. Critics have argued that working class parents seem less interested and less encouraging because of their situation and circumstances. They want to show their children what life is like realistically for the working class, that high occupational status is a dream. Another criticism of cultural deprivation has been by those who feel that material factors are more important. These critics are structuralists, and think that it is important to focus on what parents can provide materialistically that would encourage their children to do better at school, for example a quiet room for homework and appropriate books. If there is not enough money for books, the student has to get a part-time job which is likely to result in less time spent on schoolwork, thus not doing well in exams. There are other critics of cultural deprivation who feel it is important to look at factors of the school which affect the performance of different social class students. For example, there are subcultures (anti-social, anti-school) which working class students are more likely to be drawn into, and so their educational performance is obviously affected. The next explanation was a criticism of the last one material deprivation, or material factors. These theorists believe the students homes background influences and affects them the most. This is very much a structuralist view. The argument is that working class parents cannot afford the materials necessary for their children to do well. The children are likely to share bedrooms with other siblings and dont have a quiet place for study, and my have to get a part-time job if their parents are not financially secure. Working class parents are also less likely to be able to attend parents meetings because they have a clash of time with work. Working class students are less likely to continue to higher education because their parents simply cannot afford tuition fees and the extra necessities of university. All these negative aspects of material deprivation are why many sociologists argue that material factors are why working class students are relative failures in the education system. However, as with inheritance and heredity, and cultural deprivation, material factors have also been criticised. Those who do not believe in material deprivation focus more on in school factors and how these affect performance. They argue it is more important to look at how the school can provide materialistically, but overriding this, culturally. For example, they look at the dominant culture and value system of teachers. In school, teachers have authority and students of working class, in particular, feel intimidated and do not want to do well. This often results in a case of teacher versus student values debate. Where the teacher may encourage the benefits of education, the student may feel that the teachers authority and nagging is discouraging. There are many other in school factors that sociologists have put forward, which became the next explanation interpretivist arguments. The interpretivist explanation for working class underachievement focuses on in school factors. They believe there are many things that happen inside school which prevent working class students performing as well as middle class students. One of these factors is subcultures, both anti-school and anti-social. Working class students find themselves easily drawn into these subcultures, often with excuses such as the teachers picking on me so Im not going to his/her lesson. Peer pressure is also a major issue in anti-school subcultures. When one student decides that school isnt for them and does not attend, they need somebody or several fellow students to truant with. Students who may have previously conformed do not want to be left out and join the anti-school feeling. Two important in school factors of the interpretivist argument are teacher labelling and streaming. Labelling is where a teacher prejudges a working class student, labelling them as useless, thus giving middle class students more attention and support. This drives working class students away in anti-school subcultures and holds them back from educational success. Streaming is where students are split and taught in groups of their perceived ability. David Hargreaves, an interactionist, claimed streaming created an increased amount of feeling inferior as lower stream boys progress to more mature ages. This affects how they feel towards education and more than often results in poor exam performance. As older students feel inferior and join anti-school subcultures, younger students find themselves without role models and in turn feel anti-school. Both labelling and streaming involve teachers stereotyping students of all social classes, which can lead to discrimination, e. g. sexism and racism. Again, interpretivists have also found themselves being criticised for their views. The critics are structuralists who feel it is more important to look at out of school factors and the students home background, in other words material and mainly cultural factors at home. Focuses are on things such as the values of and attitudes to education at home, and religious and cultural values. Critics argue that parents of working class students have very different values and attitudes to education than middle class parents. For example, working class parents may find it important to emphasise survival as key in their childrens futures, whereas middle class parents could believe in encouraging their children to aim as high as possible and achieve all they possibly can. Religious and cultural values are also important in the structuralist view. Where features of religion may interfere with how students are taught, their parents may choose to pull them out of the education system. A current example of this is the banning of the Muslim scarf in French schools. It is a vital aspect of Islam for females to wear a scarf, so where I has been banned, huge protests have been held and many Muslim parents have taken their children somewhere Islam can be practised and the children can be educated. Critics of interpretivists also think peer pressure in the area where the student lives is important. If there is an anti-school subculture in the area, the student is extremely likely to be a part of it as it its where they spend most of their time. As time has passed, each of the explanations offered for working class underachievement have become more developed, and have also faced more criticism. The first sociologists to look into this issue believe intelligence is inherited and measurable, and middle class parents are generally more intelligent. They also believe in IQ tests and think they are an excellent way of measuring intelligence. However, there are opponents to this suggestion who believe IQ tests are unfair and cannot be used to test member of different social classes and people of subcultures within social classes and ethnic groups. There are many weaknesses and not many strengths to the argument of inheritance and heredity. Though the sociologists argue that intelligence is inherited from parents, there has not been a study to prove that this is so, i. e. no evidence has been provided to back up this idea. They do, on the other hand, not deny that there are less intelligent middle class students and more intelligent working class children. I agree with the critics who claim that IQ tests are unfair because when an IQ test is created, it will in some way be biased to a certain group (usually the middle class). There would be questions on the test that working class children would not be familiar with, thus failing to perform well and being labelled unintelligent. This is an extremely unfair way to explain why working class students are relative failures in the education system. Cultural deprivation was offered by those sociologists who felt working class children were brought up in a culture where people around them placed a lower value on education and where their parents were much less interested in their schooling than middle class parents. I agree with the critics who say that it is unfair to say working class parents are uninterested in their childrens education because it is their circumstances that put them in that position. A weakness of this argument is that although a researcher may have looked into a working class family and found that their argument was proven correct, not all working class families are this way and many do encourage academic success. As a reason for working class underachievement, cultural factors are important to look at but do not apply to all working class families. The sociologists who argue that material deprivation at home is the cause for working class underachievement have a strong argument. They claim that working class parents are unable to afford the materialistic requirements of school and that this forces their children to fall behind and perform badly. Though this is a very valid argument, it is important to look at other factors as well as materialistic factors at home. For example, material and cultural factors at school are equally important, and should all be taken into consideration. The interpretivist argument focused on in school factors and how these affected the performance of students. The sociologists looked at things such as anti-school subcultures and teacher labelling and streaming. Like the sociologists who agree with material factors, interpretivists fail to look at other factors. They see in school factors as the sole reason for working class underachievement, which is not correct. Though it is also a valid argument like material deprivation, it should not be forgotten that the home background of a student is equally important to look at as well as the state of the school. I think that inheritance and heredity do not cause working class underachievement, but that a combination of cultural and material factors both at home and at school cause working class students to be relative failures in the education system. Where each individual theory counts out the others as valid reasons, I think this is wrong and that all count equally towards working class underachievement.